This article analyses the results of the proposed approach to quality assessment of the use of online courses in the system of Ukrainian Engineering Pedagogics Academy e-learning and to assess its effectiveness in solving the problem of improving the quality of education. The courses were inspected after the Spring 2020 semester, according to the following criteria: activity of the process participants; interactivity of the process when using an online course; the intensity of the process by the elements of a course; dynamics of students’ educational achievements and management of the process of using an online course. This article shows that without painstaking daily systematic work regarding supporting the use of each online course, one should not hope for the effective impact of this form of studying. This should be done in every educational institution because the COVID-19 pandemic is not over and a significant part of educational institutions will spend the 2020/2021 academic year under the strict quarantine.
Background The management of antidiabetic therapy in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has evolved beyond glycemic control. In this context, Brazil and Portugal defined a joint panel of four leading diabetes societies to update the guideline published in 2020. Methods The panelists searched MEDLINE (via PubMed) for the best evidence from clinical studies on treating T2D and its cardiorenal complications. The panel searched for evidence on antidiabetic therapy in people with T2D without cardiorenal disease and in patients with T2D and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), or diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The degree of recommendation and the level of evidence were determined using predefined criteria. Results and conclusions All people with T2D need to have their cardiovascular (CV) risk status stratified and HbA1c, BMI, and eGFR assessed before defining therapy. An HbA1c target of less than 7% is adequate for most adults, and a more flexible target (up to 8%) should be considered in frail older people. Non-pharmacological approaches are recommended during all phases of treatment. In treatment naïve T2D individuals without cardiorenal complications, metformin is the agent of choice when HbA1c is 7.5% or below. When HbA1c is above 7.5% to 9%, starting with dual therapy is recommended, and triple therapy may be considered. When HbA1c is above 9%, starting with dual therapyt is recommended, and triple therapy should be considered. Antidiabetic drugs with proven CV benefit (AD1) are recommended to reduce CV events if the patient is at high or very high CV risk, and antidiabetic agents with proven efficacy in weight reduction should be considered when obesity is present. If HbA1c remains above target, intensification is recommended with triple, quadruple therapy, or even insulin-based therapy. In people with T2D and established ASCVD, AD1 agents (SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 RA with proven CV benefit) are initially recommended to reduce CV outcomes, and metformin or a second AD1 may be necessary to improve glycemic control if HbA1c is above the target. In T2D with HF, SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended to reduce HF hospitalizations and mortality and to improve HbA1c. In patients with DKD, SGLT2 inhibitors in combination with metformin are recommended when eGFR is above 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. SGLT2 inhibitors can be continued until end-stage kidney disease.
Being a citizen with literacy skills is fundamental. Nowadays we live in network and in the network. However, the fact that everything can be shared online entails some risks - both for users and for authors.. In order to deal with massive information and communication channels, having the competence and insight to be able to search and select the most credible information is a requirement and a fundamental competence in a networked society. In this paper we will reflect upon the concepts of communication, cyberculture, information literacy and critical thinking. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that information literacy is a key competence in contemporary society.
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