One of the objectives of energy security is the uninterrupted physical availability of energy. However, there is limited information about how much is the cost of energy supply interruptions. This information is essential to optimize investment and operating decisions to prevent energy shortages. In this paper, we estimate the economic impact of an electricity interruption in different sectors and regions of Spain. We find that in 2008 the cost for the Spanish economy of one kWh of electricity not supplied was around e6, which is much higher than the signals sent for the operation of the power system. This would mean that we are underinvesting in short-term energy security.

The AVP II is an effective and safe device for PDA closure. It is particularly useful when dealing with nontypical PDA shapes and in small infants where it eliminated the risk of device-related aortic obstruction. The AVPII is an addition to the PDA device closure armamentarium in pediatric patients.

Patients < or =15 kg requiring ASD closure form a special population with high incidence of associated anomalies and medical conditions. For this particular set of patients, percutaneous closure is a valid alternative. Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children should be treated at a later age.

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