Abstract-Idea Density (ID) was originally proposed as a way of measuring the memory load of narratives, by representing the underlying content of the text as a series of semantic units, called propositions or ideas. From a clinical perspective, this notion has been shown to correlate with several cognitive aspects, such as memory, readability, aging, and dementia onset and progress. Traditionally, propositions are extracted manually from texts. There is a tool that can automate ID extraction [1], but it uses shallow information as input, and doesn't produce the propositions themselves as output. We propose a novel approach to obtaining the ID automatically from a text. Our method is an automation of Chand et al.'s ID manual [2], and consists of a rule-based system acting upon dependency trees. Initially, for each sentence in a text, a dependency parser is used to elicit the dependency relations between words. Then, a set of rules is recursively applied in order to process these relations to yield the corresponding propositions. We analyze preliminary results of our system using a well-formed journalistic text, and speech transcriptions of dementia patients.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2017v14n2p2044Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar a relação entre desempenho em compreensão leitora e fatores sociais e econômicos: escolaridade parental, renda familiar e investimento em leitura. Participaram do estudo 49 bons leitores (BL) e 37 leitores com dificuldades de compreensão leitora (LDC) cursando a 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas do município de Santa Cruz do Sul, localizado no sul do Brasil. Os dados revelaram que a escolaridade dos pais é mais relevante do que renda familiar quando relacionada ao desempenho em compreensão leitora dos estudantes. Exibiram, ainda, correlação entre a escolaridade dos pais e a média de investimento em material de leitura. Sendo assim, o nível educacional dos pais pode ser um fator determinante da forma como eles incentivam e promovem a leitura em sua família. Pesquisas futuras devem aprofundar a investigação sobre como a escolaridade parental e as ações de letramento familiar contribuem para o desenvolvimento em compreensão leitora dos estudantes.
Abstract:One of the central and most intriguing components of language processing to researchers is the mental lexicon. The term was used for the first time by Ann Triesman in 1961 and we still do not have clear answers on how it is structured and how much information it contains, or even if there is something to be called a mental lexicon. For some time, the mental lexicon has been compared to a mental dictionary both storing and organizing word knowledge; however, they are surely different in structure and quantity / quality of information. Neuroimaging studies have also tried to bring contributions to these questions. Some researchers believe that there are many lexicons, one for each level of stored information (ULLMAN, 2007): orthographic, phonological, semantic and syntactic lexicons. Another group of researchers (MCCLELLAND; ROGERS, 2003; SEIDENBERG, 1997, etc.) postulates the existence of only one lexicon where all information levels are integrated. Recently, a new Linguagem, Belo Horizonte, v. 23, n.2, p. 335-361, 2015 336 audacious proposal has been done by Elman (2009), the inexistence of a mental lexicon. In this paper, we discuss the different views of the mental lexicon structure and content, in order to question the architecture of the lexical knowledge in the brain as opposed to what can be consciously thought as the speaker's lexical knowledge. We try to proceed on the discussion of Elman's new proposal and confront it to data obtained by behavioral, neuroimaging and computational studies. This theoretical review briefly explains the evolution of the mental lexicon conceptions from the dictionary-like to the no-lexicon proposal. Keywords: linguistic knowledge; mental lexicon; network architecture; language processing; language description. Revista de Estudos daResumo: Um dos componentes mais centrais e intrigantes do processamento da linguagem para os pesquisadores é o léxico mental. O termo foi usado pela primeira vez por Ann Triesman em 1961 e até o momento não temos respostas claras sobre como ele é estruturado e quanta informação contém, ou mesmo se existe algo a ser chamado de léxico mental. Durante algum tempo, o léxico mental foi comparado a um dicionário mental, responsável por armazenar e organizar o conhecimento de palavras; entretanto, certamente há distinções em termos de estrutura e quantidade / qualidade de informação armazenada. Alguns pesquisadores acreditam que existem vários léxicos, um para cada nível de informação (ULLMAN, 2007): léxico ortográfico, fonológico, semântico e sintático. Outro grupo de pesquisadores ROGERS, 2003; SEIDENBERG, 1997, etc.) defende a existência de apenas um léxico no qual todos os níveis de informação estão integrados. Recentemente, Elman (2009) apresentou uma nova e audaciosa proposta: a inexistência do léxico mental. Neste artigo, discutimos as diferentes perspectivas de estrutura e conteúdo do léxico mental com o propósito de questionar a arquitetura do conhecimento lexical no cérebro em contrapartida ao que pode ser conscientemente concebido...
In this paper, we investigate the level of vocabulary knowledge and the lexical-integration ability of good and poor comprehenders at the 8th grade of Elementary School. The participants were assessed in the following tasks: reading comprehension, listening comprehension, decoding, vocabulary, lexical-semantic integration and incongruence detection. The performance comparison revealed that good comprehenders performed significantly better than poor comprehenders in the measures of vocabulary and integration. The difference in the accuracy of the integration tasks remained significant after controlling for word knowledge. The results suggest that good and poor comprehenders differentiate not only in lexical semantic knowledge but also in lexical-semantic processing.
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