Reactive oxygen species take part in several degenerative processes to the organism. 1 Epidemiological and experimental studies have provided an effective evidence of a critical association between free radicals and the development of early aging. 2,3 Some applied antioxidants are able to block the harmful effects of free radicals as a prophylactic measure, resulting in normal production of structural proteins of the skin. 1,4 Polyphenolic compounds are substances widely distributed in nature, related to the plant survival and its species perpetuation. Several studies associated the chemical structure of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Phenolic nucleus presence acts out as an efficient sensor of reactive species, which also reduces and chelates ferric ions that catalyze lipid peroxidation. 5
The scientific community has been alarmed by the possible immunological evasion, higher infectivity, and severity of disease caused by the newest variants of SARS-CoV-2. The spike protein has an important role in the cellular invasion of viruses and is the target of several vaccines and therapeutic resources, such as monoclonal antibodies. In addition, some of the most relevant mutations in the different variants are on the spike (S) protein gene sequence that leads to structural alterations in the predicted protein, thus causing concern about the protection mediated by vaccines against these new strains. The present review highlights the most recent knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccines, emphasizing the different spike protein structures of SARS-CoV-2 and updating the reader about the emerging viral variants and their classifications, the more common viral mutations described and their distribution in Brazil. It also compiles a table with the most recent knowledge about all of the Omicron spike mutations.
REC: 08/09 AC; 09/09 RESUMO:Quando algum medicamento é administrado juntamente com um alimento existe a possibilidade de alterações na farmacodinâmica ou na farmacocinética da droga ou do nutriente, alterando o estado nutricional ou a resposta terapêutica, sendo então defi nida a interação fármaco-nutriente. Existem poucos estudos a respeito dessas interações e devido aos estudos de biodisponibilidade dos medicamentos serem realizados em indivíduos em jejum por exigência dos órgãos sanitários, a interação dos nutrientes e a biodisponibilidade dos fármacos são de difícil conhecimento, com isso, muitas vezes interações acontecem e não são percebidas.O fato de a administração oral ser preferida e conseqüentemente a mais utilizada na prática clínica por comodidade e segurança, as interações droga-nutriente são facilitadas. Dentre todos os fármacos disponíveis, os antimicrobianos, administrados em sua maioria por via oral, se destacam pela freqüência de utilização e uso incorreto, e por isso terão enfoque neste trabalho de revisão cujo objetivo é fornecer informações referenciadas que auxiliem os profi ssionais da saúde na orientação correta do paciente quanto ao uso destes medicamentos associados a alimentos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Interações droga-nutriente, interações medicamento-alimento, antibióticos, atenção ao paciente. ABSTRACT:When some drug is managed together with a food exists the possibility of alterations in the dinamic or the kinetic of the drug or the nutrient, modifying the nutricional state or the therapeutical reply, being then defi ned the interaction drug-nutrient. There are little studies regarding these interactions and because the studies of bioavailability of drugs to be carried through in individuals in the absence of food on the gastrointestinal tract for requirement of the sanitary agencies, the interaction of nutrients and drugs bioavailability are of diffi cult knowledge. Because of this, many times interactions happen and are not perceived. The fact of the oral administration to be preferred and consequently the most used in clinic practice for comfort and security, the drug-nutrients interactions are facilitated. Amongst all the available drugs, the antibiotics, administrated in its majority by oral way, are detached for the frequency of use and incorrect use, and therefore they will have approach in this revision with the aim to supply reffered information that could assist health professionals for the patient correct attention, teaching them of how to use these drugs associated to foods.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.