-Fifty children, 24 female and 26 male, with ages varying from 6 to 72 months (mean=23.7 m.) that experienced at least one febrile seizure (FS) entered a prospective study of intermittent therapy with clobazam. Cases with severe neurological abnormalities, progressive neurological disease, afebrile seizures, symptomatic seizures of other nature, or seizures during a central nervous system infection were excluded. Seizures were of the simple type in 25 patients, complex in 20 and unclassified in 5. The mean follow-up period was 7.9 months (range=l to 23 m.), and the age at the first seizure varied from 5 to 42 months (mean=16.8 m.). Clobazam was administered orally during the febrile episode according to the child's weight: up to 5 kg, 5 mg/day; from 5 to 10 kg, 10 mg/day; from 11 to 15 kg, 15 mg/day, and over 15 kg, 20 mg/day. There were 219 febrile episodes, with temperature above 37.8 °C, in 40 children during the study period. Twelve children never received clobazam and 28 received the drug at least once. Drug efficacy was measured by comparing FS recurrence in the febrile episodes that were treated with clobazam with those in which only antipyretic measures were taken. Ten children (20%) experienced a FS during the study period. Of the 171 febrile episodes treated with clobazam there were only 3 recurrences (1.7%), while of the 48 episodes treated only with antipyretic measures there were 11 recurrences (22.9%), a difference highly significant (p<0.0001). Adverse effects occurred in 10/28 patients (35.7%), consisting mainly in vomiting, somnolence and hyperactivity. Only one patient had recurrent vomiting which lead to drug interruption. These effects did not necessarily occurred in every instance the drug was administered, being present in one febrile episode and not in the others. We conclude that clonazepam is safe and efficacious in preventing FS recurrence. It may be an alternative to diazepam in the intermittent treatment of FS recurrence.KEY WORDS: febrile seizures, clobazam, antiepileptic drugs. Tratamento de convuslsões febris com clobazam intermitenteRESUMO -Avaliamos prospectivamente o uso intermitente do clobazam na profilaxia de convulsão febril em 50 crianças, 24 do sexo feminino e 26 do masculino, com idades entre 6 e 72 meses (média = 23,7 meses) que haviam apresentado pelo menos um episódio de convulsão febril. Foram excluídas crianças com anormalidades neurológicas severas, doença neurológica progressiva, crises durante infecção do SNC e crises epilépticas sintomáticas outras. As convulsões febris foram classificadas como simples em 25 crianças, complicadas em 20 e em 5 crianças não foi possível a classificação. O tempo médio de seguimento foi 7,9 meses (1-23 meses) e a idade, na primeira crise, variou de 5 a 42 meses (média = 16,8 meses). O clobazam foi administrado por via oral, durante os episódios febris, na dose de 5 mg/dia, em crianças até 5 kg; 10 mg/dia, de 5-10 kg; 15 mg/dia, de 11 -15 kg, e 20 mg/dia, acima de 20 kg. Quarenta crianças apresentaram febre (T > 37,8 °C), num...
RESUMO -Dezessete crianças com espícula-onda contínua durante o sono foram estudadas retrospectivamente. Cinco apresentavam distúrbio da fala após desenvolvimento normal da linguagem e crises epilépticas (síndrome de Landau e Kleffner -grupo 1). Doze crianças tinham atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou deficiência mental (grupo 2). Crises epilépticas estavam presentes em 11 pacientes deste grupo, tetraparesia em 5, hemiparesia em 2, microcefalia em 2, distúrbios de comportamento em 4 casos. O eletrencefalograma mostrou em todos os casos espícula-onda contínua durante o sono. Pacientes do grupo 1 apresentavam atividade epileptiforme difusa com acentuação das descargas nas regiões temporais em 4 de 5 casos; e os do grupo 2, descargas difusas, incluindo atividade multifocal (5/ 12), por vezes com predomínio anterior (7/12). Concluímos que espícula-onda contínua durante o sono é um padrão eletrográfico inespecífico de certos tipos de epilepsia na infância com diferentes manifestações clínicas, que mostra no entanto certa diferenciação topográfica, de acordo com os prováveis sítios lesionais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: afasia adquirida, epilepsia, espícula-onda contínua durante sono lento. Continuous spike-wave activity during sleep: clinical and electroencephalographical aspectsABSTRACT -Seventeen children were retrospectively evaluated. They exhibited continuous spike-wave activity during slow wave sleep (CSWS). Five of these had only speech problems and seizures (Landau-Kleffner syndrome) (group 1). The other cases had developmental milestones acquisition delay and/or mental retardation (group 2). Epileptic seizures were present in 11 of these, tetraparesis was observed in 5, hemiparesis in 2, microcephaly in 2 and behavior disturbances in 4 cases. The electroencephalogram showed in all cases diffuse CSWS. Group 1 showed diffuse activity, at times accentuated in the centrotemporal region (4/5). Group 2 had widespread discharges, including multifocal activity (5/12), sometimes with anterior predominance (7/12). We concluded that CSWS is a non specific electrographic pattern observed in some types of epilepsy in childhood that have different clinical presentation. It has however some topographic differentiation, depending upon the lesional sites.
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