Nickel (Ni) toxicity has been reported to decrease productivity in soybean (Glycine max L.). However, soybean responses to Ni toxicity are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to describe Ni toxicity in soybean plants through physiological, nutritional, and ultrastructural analyses. Plants were grown in nutrient solution containing increasing Ni concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 10, and 20 μmol L −1), and nutritional, anatomical, physiological and biochemical features were determined. The results revealed previously unreported detrimental effects of Ni toxicity on soybean plants. CO 2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased, resulting in lower biomass in soybean plants exposed to the highest Ni levels. Nitrate reductase activity increased with up to 0.05 μmol L −1 Ni and then decreased, indicating halted N-metabolism. Urease activity increased with increasing Ni availability in the nutrient solution, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were higher in plants grown at higher Ni levels. Leaf epidermal thickness (abaxial and adaxial), as well as root xylem and phloem diameter, decreased starting at 0.1 μmol L −1 Ni. Mean Ni concentrations varied from 77.5 to 17,797.4 mg kg −1 in roots and 2.3 to 16,774.5 mg kg −1 in shoots. Soybean plants exhibited symptoms of Ni toxicity starting at 0.1 μmol L −1 Ni, presenting mean shoot Ni concentration of 28.9 mg kg −1 , along with leaf water loss until complete drying. The results contribute to our understanding of several physiological, biochemical and histological mechanisms of Ni toxicity in soybean, which is still poorly understood.
RESUMO-Este trabalho buscou avaliar a aplicação dos fitorreguladores químicos na qualidade tecnológica do sorgo sacarino. O ensaio foi realizado na Usina Cerradinho, localizada em Catanduva-SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em que os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de dez tratamentos envolvendo as aplicações dos fitorreguladores químicos: 5; 10; 20 g ha-1 sulfometuron-methyl; 0,10; 0,20; 0,40 L ha-1 glifosate; 0,2; 0,4; 0,8 L ha-1 ethyl-trinexapac e testemunha. Nos subtratamentos, foram realizadas as amostragens para as avaliações da qualidade tecnológica em épocas distintas após aplicação dos maturadores químicos. A área foi dividida em quatro repetições, cada parcela foi formada de cinco linhas espaçadas de 0,75 m entre si, por 10 m de comprimento, constituída pela cultivar de sorgo sacarino Biomatrix 535. Foram avaliadas qualidades tecnológicas como: pureza (% caldo); açúcares redutores; açúcares redutores totais; brix (% caldo); pol (% caldo); açúcares teóricos recuperáveis; e fibra (%). Os fitorreguladores químicos glifosate na dose de 0,40 L ha-1 e ethyltrinexapac nas dosagens de 0,20; 0,40 e 0,80 L ha-1 promoveram maior incremento na qualidade tecnológica do sorgo sacarino. As épocas de colheita não influenciaram nas características tecnológicas do sorgo sacarino.
Aluminium (Al) is a toxic element for plants living in soils with acidic pH values, and it causes reductions in the roots and shoots development. High Al concentrations can cause physiological and structural changes, leading to symptoms of toxicity in plant tissue. The aim of this study was to describe the Al toxicity in soybean plants through physiological, nutritional, and ultrastructure analyses. Plants were grown in nutrient solution containing increasing Al concentrations (0; 0.05; 0.1; 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mmol L). The Al toxicity in the soybean plants was characterized by nutritional, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical analyses. The carbon dioxide assimilation rates and stomatal conductance were not affected by the Al. However, the capacity for internal carbon use decreased, and the transpiration rate increased, resulting in increased root biomass at the lowest Al concentration in the nutrient solution. The soybean plants exposed to the highest Al concentration exhibited lower root and shoot biomass. The nitrate reductase and urease activities decreased with the increasing Al concentration, indicating that nitrogen metabolism was halted. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities increased with the increasing Al availability in the nutrient solution, and they were higher in the roots, showing their role in Al detoxification. Despite presenting external lesions characterized by a damaged root cap, the root xylem and phloem diameters were not affected by the Al. However, the leaf xylem diameter showed ultrastructural alterations under higher Al concentrations in nutrient solution. These results have contributed to our understanding of several physiological, biochemical and histological mechanisms of Al toxicity in soybean plants.
Resumo -O uso de maturadores químicos é uma realidade no setor sucroenergético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros tecnológicos e produtivos da cana-de-açúcar, quando submetida à aplicação de maturadores químicos no início de safra. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. As parcelas principais consistiram da aplicação dos seguintes produtos com suas respectivas dosagens: controle -sem aplicação; sulfometuron-metil 0,02 kg ha -1 + glyphosate 0,15 L ha -1 ; etephon 0,34 L ha -1 + glyphosate 0,15 L ha -1 ; glyphosate 0,35 L ha -1 ; compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos 1,0 L ha -1 + glyphosate 0,15 L ha -1 . As subparcelas foram constituídas de diferentes épocas de avaliação: 0, 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos produtos. As amostras foram colhidas manualmente e encaminhadas ao laboratório para determinação do brix, pol, açúcares redutores, açúcares redutores totais, fibra, pureza, umidade e açúcar teórico recuperável. Além disso, foram determinados os parâmetros produtivos: toneladas de colmos por hectare e toneladas de açúcar por hectare. Por fim, foram realizadas as análises dos teores de ácido chiquímico e ácido salicílico. A aplicação da mistura de maturadores químicos compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + glyphosate apresentou um incremento para os parâmetros tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar aos 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA), seguido pelo tratamento com a aplicação de glyphosate aos 30 DAA. Palavras-chaves: fitorreguladores; herbicidas; qualidade da matéria-prima; Saccharum spp. Abstract -
RESUMO -Com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros de produção e possíveis alterações morfoanatômicas de tecidos foliares da cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB 86 7515, na fase de estabelecimento, em condições de matocompetição, foi conduzido um experimento em vasos em Dracena, Estado de São Paulo, entre os meses de abril e junho de 2010, na Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho. Foram utilizadas as espécies Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, consideradas como invasoras. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo sete tratamentos e cinco repetições, totalizando 35 parcelas ou vasos. Os tratamentos variaram de acordo com o número de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, sendo: T1 -ausência de matocompetição; T2 -baixa ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria brizantha; T3 -média ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria brizantha; T4 -alta ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria brizantha; T5 -baixa ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria decumbens; T6 -média ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria decumbens; e T7 -alta ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria decumbens. Após 60 dias do plantio da cana-de-açúcar e das espécies invasoras, foram avaliados: peso da matéria seca total das plantas; espessura da epiderme da face superior ou adaxial; espessura da epiderme da face inferior ou abaxial; espessura do mesofilo; espessura do limbo; diâmetro dos vasos xilemáticos; e diâmetro dos vasos floemáticos. A matocompetição das espécies Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, consideradas como invasoras, provocou redução das características morfoanatômicas e de produção da cana-deaçúcar. De maneira geral, Brachiaria decumbens foi a espécie que mais influenciou negativamente a espessura foliar da cana-de-açúcar. Palavras
Pollen substitutes are currently widely used in apiculture because of a lack of natural forage and an increasing need for bees for pollination services. A major concern in the confection of bee diets is whether specific ingredients, such as GMO grain, or contaminants such as pesticides that are applied to crops, negatively impact bee health. We measured hemolymph protein levels and the lifespan of honey bees fed on diets containing non-hybrid (IAC-Airan), hybrid (AG 7088) or transgenic (AG 8088YG) maize, the seeds of which had been treated with fipronil, imidacloprid or left untreated. Corn from these plantings was harvested, dried and finely ground, and then used for the preparation of corn-based diets. Groups of 100 newly emerged bees were placed in cages, where the diets were offered ad libitum. Honey bee lifespan was similar for all the corn diets, though shorter than for bees fed beebread and longer than for bees fed only honey. Total protein in the hemolymph of bees fed with transgenic maize was 15% lower than in bees fed on non-hybrid maize; lipophorin and vitellogenin, were more reduced, by over 30%. Irrespective of corn variety, imidacloprid resulted in over 25% lower levels of lipophorin compared with the control. Lower storage and transport protein levels would compromise the ability of the bees to rear brood and develop an adequate immune response to pathogen challenge. Consequently, transgenic maize, as well as any maize produced from seed treated with imidacloprid should not be included as ingredients in honey bee diets. Maíz transgé nico disminuí niveles de proteínas claves de almacenamiento y transporte de lípidos en hemolinfa de abejas melíferas así como el tratamiento de semillas con imidacloprid reduce los niveles de lipoforina Substitutos del polen actualmente son utilizados en larga escala en la apicultura por causa de la falta de alimento natural y un aumento en la necesidad de abejas para servicios de polinizació n. Una preocupació n importante en la confecció n de dietas para las abejas es si ingredientes específicos, como granos OGM, o contaminantes como plaguicidas aplicados a los cultivos, impactan negativamente sobre la salud de la abeja. Nosotros medimos los niveles de proteína en la hemolinfa y el tiempo de vida de abejas melíferas alimentadas con dietas conteniendo maíz no-hibrido (IAC-Airan), híbrido (AG 7088) o transgénico (AG 8088YG); durante la siembra de estos cultivos las semillas fueran tratadas con fipronil, imidacloprid o sin ningún tratamiento. Muestra de maíz de estas plantaciones fueran cosechadas, secadas, molidas y después utilizadas para preparar las dietas basadas en maíz. Grupos de 100 abejas recién emergidas fueran colocadas en jaulas y las dietas fueran ofrecidas a libre consumo. El tiempo de vida de las abejas fue similar para todas las dietas con maíz, pero más corto del que para abejas alimentadas con pan de la abeja y mayor en comparació n con abejas alimentadas solamente con miel. Los niveles de proteína total en la hemolinfa de las abejas alimentadas con maí...
Fruit growing has become an important alternative economic strategy for the social reproduction of small rural producers. Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit of great world importance, and can be used as a new source of agricultural variability, adding advantages, both economically and socially. In addition, the characterization of active germplasm banks of the genus Ficus becomes an important research line for culture improvement, and it is necessary to gather information, mainly in relation to its genetic variability, so that adequate propagation and management projects are carried out. Therefore, the aim of this work was to establish and characterize an active germplasm bank of fig tree by means of the morphophysiological descriptors of 45 fig accessions, with a randomized complete block design at the Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, Campus of Dracena, FCAT / UNESP. To do so, the biometric features of re-growth, relative growth rate, plant height and morphophysiological characteristics of the best performance accessions during their vegetative development were evaluated. It could be concluded that most accessions presented good adaptation to the implantation region, especially accessions 18; 28; 29; 30 and 31, which were more promising.
Currently eucalyptus is used as raw material in different industrial segments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth, development and ultrastructural parameters in different eucalyptus genetic materials. The randomized block experiment was carried out in ten treatments and five replicates, with different genetic materials: six hybrids:I-144; H-13; 110; NA-151; NA-189 (Eucalyptus urophilla S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill); Grancam 1277 (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.); and four pure genetic materials:0020 (Eucalyptus saligna Sm.); 0010 (Eucalyptus resinífera Sm.); Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. and Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson.Approximately four years after planting, the following variables were determined: plant height (AP), diameter at breast height (DAP), spad index (ISPAD), adaxial cuticle thickness (ECAD), abaxial cuticle thickness (ADX), abaxial epidermal thickness (EEAB), xylem diameter (DX), phloem diameter (DF) and palisade parenchyma length (CPP).The materials NA - 151 (Eucalyptus urophilla x E. grandis) and Grancam 1277 (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis) presented higher plant height (AP). The materials 0020 (E. saligna); 0010 (E. resinífera) and Corymbia torelliana presented smaller diameter at breast height (DAP). In general, the Corymbia torelliana genetic material had the lowest values in the ultrastructural foliar parameters
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