Background: Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). However, the criteria for risk assessment currently used is not satisfactory. The urine proteome may provide important clues to indicate the development of HSPN. Methods: Here, we detected and compared the urine proteome of patients with HSPN and healthy controls by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode. The differentially expressed proteins were analysed by gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. For validation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyse the selected proteins. Results: A total of 125 proteins (29 upregulated and 96 downregulated) were found to be differentially expressed in children with HSPN compared with the controls. Forty-one proteins were predicted to have direct interactions. The enriched pathways mainly included focal adhesion, cell adhesion molecules, the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, ECMreceptor interactions and so on. Cell adhesion related to the pathogenesis of HSPN was the main biological process identified in this study. The decrease in two proteins (integrin beta-1 and tenascin) was validated by ELISA. Conclusions: Our study provides new insights into the assessment of HSPN progression in children, as well as new potential biomarkers. The data confirm the value of the urinary proteome in capturing the emergence of HSPN.
AimThe aim of this study is to construct a new tool for the assessment of sexual dysfunction among men with diabetes that is valid and reliable across different ethnicities, languages and socio‐economic backgrounds in South East Asia.MethodsFocus group interviews were conducted to determine the construct of the questionnaire. Content and face validity were assessed by a panel of experts. A pilot study was conducted to validate the Sexual Dysfunction in Asian Men with Diabetes (SAD–MEN) questionnaire in English and Malay. The International Index of Erectile Function–5 (IIEF–5) was used for comparison. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis, reliability was determined using Cronbach's α (> 0.700), and test–retest reliability using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.ResultsThe SAD–MEN questionnaire yielded moderate face and content validity, with high reliability as shown by Cronbach's α values of 0.949 for sexual performance and 0.775 for sexual desire for the English version. The Malay language questionnaire had a Cronbach's α value of 0.945 for sexual performance and 0.750 for sexual desire. Test–retest reliability using Spearman's test gave correlation coefficients of r = 0.853, P = 0.000 for the English language questionnaire and r = 0.908, P = 0.000 for the Malay language questionnaire.ConclusionThe SAD–MEN questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool by which to assess sexual dysfunction in English‐ and Malay‐speaking Malaysian and South East Asian men with diabetes.
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