SUMMARY Childhood opsoclonus‐myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a movement disorder which typically strikes children in the early preschool years, seriously affecting intellectual, social‐emotional and general adaptive development. This series of 13 cases with well‐documented neurological histories, aged 1.7 to 16.3 years, provides an initial systematic evaluation of these children's neuropsychological, psychosocial and adaptive status. As expected, children with OMS had significantly reduced intelligence and severe speech and motor output problems; however, most of them also demonstrated a range of preserved neurocognitive abilities and impressive goal‐directedness and communicative effort. Psychosocial problems included mild behavioral impairment on the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, and severe adaptive limitations on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales despite relatively strong social skills. Developmental factors and likelihood of subcortical localization are discussed, and practical guidelines are provided for behavioral and educational management of these children. RÉSUMÉ Caractéristiques neurocomporiementales el psychosocials du syndrome opsoclonies‐myoclonies Le syndrome infantile opsoclonies‐myoclonies (OMS) est un trouble moteur qui frappe les enfants dans les premières années préscolaires. affectant gravement le développement intellectuel, socio‐affectif et d'adaptation générate. Cette serie de 13 cas âgés de 1,7 à 16,3 ans, avec une histoire neurologique bien documentée fournit un début d'ébut d'évaluation systématique de l'état neuropsychologique, psychosocial et adaptatif. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre les enfants avec OMS ont une intelligence significativement réduite et des problèmes graves de langagc et de motricité; néanmoins, la plupart d'entre eux conservaient des aptitudes neurocognitives, la capacité d'agir avec un but et de communiquer. Les problèmes psychosociaux incluaient un trouble comportemental modéréà la Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist et de graves limitations aux Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales en dépit d'activités sociales relativement évoluées. Les facteurs de développement et la localisation sous corticale vraisemblable sont discutés et des conseils sont donnés pour la prise en charge comportementale et pédagogique de ces enfants. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Verhaltensneurologischer mid psychosozialer Status bei Kindren mit Opsoklonus‐Myoklonus Syndrom Das Opsoklonus‐Myuoklonus Syndrom (OMS) ist eine Bewegungsstörung, die typischerweise bei Kindern im frühen Schulalter auftritt und die intellektuelle, sozio‐emotionale und allgemeine adaptive Entwicklung schwer beeinträchtigt. Diese Studie beinhaltet 13 Fälle im Alter von 1,7–16,3 Jahren mit gut dokumentierten neurologischen Anamnesen und liefert eine erste systematische Beurteilung des neuropsychologischen, psychosozialen und adaptiven Status dieser Kinder. Wie erwartet hatten OMS Kinder eine signifikant verminderte Intelligenz und schwere sprachliche und molorische Problems, jedoch zeigten die meisten von ihnen auch eine Reihe erhalten...

This study found that approximately 35% of 149 juveniles convicted of serious crimes obtained a statistically significant PIQ > VIQ discrepancy of at least 12 IQ points. There were no significant differences in the incidence of the PIQ > VIQ discrepancy between juveniles convicted of violent or nonviolent crimes. The PIQ > VIQ discrepancy was found among both White and minority youth and among youth tested with either the WISC-R or the WAIS-R. IQ scores were correlated negatively with prior school problems, but not with measures of family dysfunction, prior criminal activity, or substance abuse. The PIQ > VIQ discrepancy appears to be an important indication of intellectual deficit in many delinquent youth.

Ferric orthophosphate (FePO4) has had limited use as an iron fortificant in ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal because of its variable bioavailability, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Even though FePO4 has desirable sensory properties as compared to other affordable iron fortificants, few published studies have well-characterized its physicochemical properties. Semi-crystalline materials such as FePO4 have varying degrees of molecular disorder, referred to as amorphous content, which is hypothesized to be an important factor in bioavailability. The objective of this study was to systematically measure the physicochemical factors of particle size, surface area, amorphous content, and solubility underlying the variation in FePO4 bioavailability. Five commercial FePO4 sources and ferrous sulfate were added to individual batches of RTE cereal. The relative bioavailability value (RBV) of each iron source, determined using the AOAC Rat Hemoglobin Repletion Bioassay, ranged from 51% to 99% (p < 0.05), which is higher than typically reported. Solubility in dilute HCl accurately predicted RBV (R2 = 0.93, p = 0.008). Amorphous content measured by Dynamic Vapor Sorption ranged from 1.7% to 23.8% and was a better determinant of solubility (R2 = 0.91; p = 0.0002) than surface area (R2 = 0.83; p = 0.002) and median particle size (R2 = 0.59; p = 0.12). The results indicate that while solubility of FePO4 is highly predictive of RBV, solubility, in turn, is strongly linked to amorphous content and surface area. This information may prove useful for the production of FePO4 with the desired RBV.