We study the bispectrum in the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure, consistently accounting for the effects of short-scale dynamics. We begin by proving that, as long as the theory is perturbative, it can be formulated to arbitrary order using only operators that are local in time. We then derive all the new operators required to cancel the UV-divergences and obtain a physically meaningful prediction for the oneloop bispectrum. In addition to new, subleading stochastic noises and the viscosity term needed for the one-loop power spectrum, we find three new effective operators. The three new parameters can be constrained by comparing with N -body simulations. The best fit is precisely what is suggested by the structure of UV-divergences, hence justifying a formula for the EFTofLSS bispectrum whose only fitting parameter is already fixed by the power spectrum. This result predicts the bispectrum of N -body simulations up to k max ≈ 0.22 h Mpc −1 at z = 0, an improvement by nearly a factor of two as compared to one-loop standard perturbation theory.

We study the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure for cosmic density and momentum fields. We show that the finite part of the two-loop calculation and its counterterms introduce an apparent scale dependence for the leading order parameter c 2 s of the EFT starting at k = 0.1 hMpc −1 . These terms limit the range over which one can trust the one-loop EFT calculation at the 1% level to k < 0.1 hMpc −1 at redshift z = 0. We construct a well motivated one parameter ansatz to fix the relative size of the one-and two-loop counterterms using their high-k sensitivity. Although this one parameter model is a very restrictive choice for the counterterms, it explains the apparent scale dependence of c 2 s seen in simulations. It is also able to capture the scale dependence of the density power spectrum up to k ≈ 0.3 hMpc −1 at the 1% level at redshift z = 0. Considering a simple scheme for the resummation of large scale motions, we find that the two loop calculation reduces the need for this IR-resummation at k < 0.2 hMpc −1 . Finally, we extend our calculation to momentum statistics and show that the same one parameter model can also describe density-momentum and momentum-momentum statistics.

The Holocene Thermal Maximum with peak temperatures prior to 7 ka BP is mostly accentuated in the Northern Hemisphere, still visible in the Southern Hemisphere and possibly did not exist in the tropics. Between this period and the modern warming a remarkable negative temperature trend occurred in the Northern Hemisphere, which was probably the effect of a decreasing orbital-induced insolation during the boreal summer. On average the Northern Hemisphere humidityprecipitation records do not show any significant trend. A mechanistic explanation for the multi-decadal-to century-scale Holocene cold relapses, which mainly occurred in the Atlantic-European regions, exists for only the early Holocene cooling events, which are probably the result of a collapse of the meridional overturning circulation owing to freshwater outbursts from the Laurentide ice sheet. Possibly, the late Holocene cold events after c. 4 ka BP are influenced by the covarying influence of major tropical volcanic eruptions and Grand Solar Minima.