Kratak sadržajUvod. Populacija muškaraca koji imaju seksualne odnose sa muškarcima (MSM) predstavlja posebno osjetljivu grupu za prenos HIV-a i drugih polno prenosivih infekcija.Vulnerabilnost se povećava usljed rizičnog ponašanja, marginalizovanja, stigmatizovanja kao i nedostupnosti zdravstveno-socijalne zaštite. Cilj rada je bio da se procijeni prevalencija HIV-a i odabranih polno prenosivih infekcija te ispitaju znanje, stavovi i ponašanje u odnosu na HIV/ polno prenosive infekcije u MSM populaciji u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i da se dobijeni rezultati uporede sa istraživanjima iz 2008. i 2010. godine.Metode. Istraživanje je provedeno kao bio-bihejvioralna studija prevalencije u MSM populaciji. Obuhvaćena su ukupno 333 ispitanika, u šest gradova Bosne i Hercegovine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu septembar -decembar 2012. godine, kroz dobrovoljno, anonimno i povjerljivo anketiranje. Nakon informisanog pristanka i obavljenog savjetovanja, uzet je biološki materijal za laboratorijsko testiranje na HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C i sifilis.Rezultati. Istraživanje je pokazalo prisutnost rizičnog ponašanja u MSM populaciji: multipli partneri (prosječno tri različita slučajna partnera u proteklih mjesec dana), nezaštićeni seksualni odnosi (samo 20% ispitanika redovno koristi kondom sa stalnim partnerom, 37% sa slučajnim partnerom, 4,6% pri oralnom odnosu), seksualni odnosi pod uticajem alkohola (69,6% ispitanika) i droga (26,7% ispitanika) u poslednjih šest mjeseci, seksualni odnosi i sa ženskim osobama (45,5% ). Uprkos prisutnosti rizičnog ponašanja, 14,8% ispitanika smatra da rizik od prenošenja HIV-a ne postoji, a 41,3% da je nizak. Serološka ispitivanja pokazuju i dalje nizak nivo HIV/polno prenosivih infekcija u MSM populaciji u BiH.Zaključak. Iako postoji porast zaštitnog seksualnog ponašanja i učestalije HIV testiranje u odnosu na ranije periode, to nije dovoljno za održavanje niskog nivoa infekcije HIV/polno prenosivih infekcija. Dobijeni podaci pružaju osnovne smjernice za buduća istraživanja i formiranje preventivnih programa.Ključne riječi: prevalencija, HIV, polno prenosive infekcije, muškarci koji imaju seks sa muškarcima
Water is one of the most frequently used raw materials in pharmaceutical industry. Water for pharmaceutical purposes includes the two primary water types: purified water and water for injection. Drinking water used for obtaining purified water is not official in pharmacopoeia. Depending on quality prescribed for a certain product preparation, various water types and procedures have been used to prepare pharmaceutical industry water. Possible ways to obtain water for pharmaceutical purposes are: reverse osmosis, demineralization, electrodeionization, ultrafiltration, distillation. Reasons for the widespread use of water lie in the facts that it is capable of dissolving a great number of therapeutic substances, compatible with a large number of substances, appropriate to be used from a physiological aspect given that it is an integral part of the cell and the major component of body fluids and whenever the drug is administered in the form of an aqueous solution, reabsorption is rapid and complete, it also has suitable physical-chemical properties. In this study, analysis results of 15 samples of water were obtained using pharmacopoeial methods for pharmaceutical purposes. Results showed that 86.6% of water samples were accurate and 13.3% did not have appropriate calcium content, magnesium content and total hardness values.
Introduction: Sex workers (SW) represent the population exposed to extremely high risk of HIV (HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and other sexually transmitted infections. Poor socioeconomic conditions in the country, insufficient education, high unemployment and other factors lead to an increase in prostitution, which represents a high risk for the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Aim of the study: The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV/ sexually transmitted infections among SW in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as to examine knowledge, attitudes and behaviour relating to HIV/sexually transmitted infections. The results were compared with the results obtained in researches conducted in 2008 and 2010. Material and Methods: Research was performed in 2012 as a bio-behavioral study that covered 199 sex workers in five cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Interviewing was done voluntarily, anonymously and confidentially, and after informed consent and councelling, a biological material (blood) for laboratory testing on HIV, hepatitis b, hepatitis c and syphilis was taken. The research shows the presence of risk behaviour among SW, mostly related to frequent change of partners and frequent unprotected sexual intercourses. Results: Only one third of respondents (36,7%) use condom during every sexual intercourse with a client, and 13% use it with a steady partner.A sexual intercourse after effects of consumption of alcohol-87,9% of respondents and of drugs-36,7% of respondents. Although there is a risk behaviour, only 11,1% think that the risk of HIV/sexually transmitted infections is high, but 12,6% think that there is no risk. Sex workers are 13,5 times more exposed to HIV infection than all the other women aged 15-49. Results of laboratory testing indicate a low level of HIV/sexually transmitted infections among sex workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Conclusion: Although there is a relative progress in prevention of HIV/sexually transmitted infections among sex workers and more frequent testing on HIV/sexually transmitted infections comparing to earlier periods, these things are insufficient for the maintenance of a low level of infection. Further research at certain time intervals among this population would enable monitoring time trends of HIV epidemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina and would become a basis for the development of preventable programmes.
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