This paper presents the methodology for the implementation of building typology principles as a tool for the strategic planning of residential building stock energy retrofits on a municipal level in Serbia. Research was conducted under the IEE EPISCOPE (Intelligent Energy Europe EPISCOPE/TABULA project) project with the aim of developing an adequate tool for creating building stock energy retrofit management strategies on a local level. An approach that envisions the diversity and uneven spatial distribution of building stock in smaller scale municipalities and includes statistically relevant sampling of all relevant building types was developed and tested in the pilot project that focused on the city of Vršac. Two options for local typology development were formulated: a top-down approach, which relies on the data from the national typology or other available databases by reducing them to the local level, and a bottom-up approach, which represents a new data gathering and processing method. Both approaches were tested in the pilot project and the results are compared in this paper. From the conclusions of these analyses, a common methodology for the development of local building typologies has been defined. It can be used in the strategic planning of building stock, whether for the purpose of developing local energy action plans (LEAPs) or other purposes internationally.
Energy refurbishment of school buildings is a priority regarding both energy consumption in buildings and improving comfort conditions for sensitive young occupants. During 2016–18, a group of teachers and associates from the Faculty of Architecture, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering from the University in Belgrade participated in the project “Energy efficiency in public buildings” in cooperation with GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture and Ministry of Mining and Energy of the Republic of Serbia. During 2016 and 2017, a comprehensive survey and database of public buildings were conducted by the local community. The focus of the research was the facilities of children’s institutions, and detailed data were collected to determine the current building stock conditions, energy consumption, and possible improvements. This paper presents the methodology of the project based on defining the typology of buildings, determining the representatives of the characteristic periods of construction, and analyzing their energy performance. Five possible scenarios were considered: designed condition, existing state, and three levels of a building improvement. The main goal of this project was to ascertain the entire fund for school buildings, indicate the potential for energy savings of this type of public building at the national level, and use this as a starting point for developing strategic decisions and further energy efficiency policies. This paper presents the complete results of the research on school buildings in Serbia, their energy performance, and possible energy savings. Key findings show that a great majority of schools are in a poor state in terms of their energy efficiency, but at the same time, there is a large potential for improvement of building envelope, HVAC, and lighting systems, which can cut the current energy need for heating to up to 80%.
Промене које су се догодиле током 19. века на политичком, економском и друштвеном плану утицале су да Београд доживи пот-пуни преображај и од полуразрушене турске вароши прерасте у модеран европски град. Ослобађање од турске власти и стабили-зација политичких и економских прилика допринели су порасту броја становника у граду и интензивирању градитељске делат-ности. Београд, по узору на друге европске престонице, доживљава архитектонски и урбанистички преображај и постепено губи дотадашња обележја оријенталне вароши. Прихватање нових техника грађења током 19. века представљало је начин да се домаћи системи грађења усагласе с масивним зиданим системом у грађењу кућа који су већ усвојиле технички развијеније средњоeвропске земље. У раду је истражен процес преласка са оријенталног начина грађења, где је бондрук био неприкосновени систем, на зидани масивни склоп са опеком као основним материјалом конструкције.Рад је део ширег и временски обухватнијег истраживања техника грађења у стамбеној архитектури Београда, рађеног за потребе де-финисања типологије склопова елемената конструкције с циљем да се валоризује квалитет стамбеног комфора београдских зграда. кључне речи: технике грађења, конструкција, бондрук, масивни зидани склоп abstract:Due to the radical political, economic and social changes of the 19th century Belgrade saw a complete transformation from a ruined Ottoman town into a modern European one. Liberation from Turkish rule and stabilisation of political and economic conditions influenced the population growth and intensified building activity. Like other European capitals, Belgrade was being transformed architecturally and in its urban plan, gradually losing traits of an Oriental town. The adoption of new building techniques in the 19th century was a way for local civil engineering to harmonise with engineering practices of the developed Central European countries which had by then already adopted masonry structure. The article studies the transition in building forms from Oriental ones, largely charatcterised by timber-framed systems, to a brick-based construction system. This paper is part of a wider, more comprehensive research on building techniques in Belgrade's residential architecture, undertaken to define the typology of construction systems, in order to evaluate the quality of residential comfort in the buildings of Belgrade.
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