Abstract. Lahar modeling represents an excellent tool for designing hazard maps. It allows the definition of potential inundation zones for different lahar magnitude scenarios and sediment concentrations. Here, we present the results obtained for the 2001 syneruptive lahar at Popocatépetl volcano, based on simulations performed with FLO2D software. An accurate delineation of this event is needed, since it is one of the possible scenarios considered if magmatic activity increases its magnitude.One of the main issues for lahar simulation using FLO2D is the calibration of the input hydrograph and rheological flow properties. Here, we verified that geophone data can be properly calibrated by means of peak discharge calculations obtained by the superelevation method. Digital elevation model resolution also resulted as an important factor in defining the reliability of the simulated flows.Simulation results clearly show the influence of sediment concentrations and rheological properties on lahar depth and distribution. Modifying rheological properties during lahar simulation strongly affects lahar distribution. More viscous lahars have a more restricted aerial distribution and thicker depths, and resulting velocities are noticeably smaller.FLO2D proved to be a very successful tool for delimitating lahar inundation zones as well as generating different lahar scenarios not only related to lahar volume or magnitude, but also taking into account different sediment concentrations and rheologies widely documented as influencing laharprone areas.
On the basis of rotating drum analogue experiments, we describe a fragmentation process acting within debris flows during transport and its influence on rheologic behavior. Our hypothesis is based on a detailed textural analysis including granulometry, clast morphology, and rheologic properties of the fluid matrix. Results of the experiments point out that breakage of certain granulometric classes produces fine particles like fine sand and silt. The population growth of fine clasts with time leads to an increase in yield strength and viscosity that progressively modifies the rheologic behavior. From a textural point of view, this is reflected in a bimodal granulometric distribution. Up to now this characteristic has been explained as the effect of bulking and/or sedimentation processes during transport. Our experimental results show that the type of fragmentation depends on particle size and is the consequence of strong clast-clast interaction and clast-fluid interactions. Coarse particles develop small fractures which cause the loss of sharp edges and asperities. Medium-sized particles develop through-going fractures that cause them to break apart. The latter process explains why intermediate granulometric classes progressively diminish with time in debris flows. Analogue experiments enable us to study the efficacy of clast fragmentation in modifying the textural character and flow behavior of debris flows without the influence of external factors such as erosion and sedimentation. The obtained results constitute the base of a new approach for modeling debris flow dynamics.
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