Serum adipokines may playing different roles between in type I and II ketosis ABSTRACT Objective: Investigate the differences in several serum adipokines in in perinatal dairy cows with type I and II ketosisperinatal dairy cows between type I ketosis and II ketosis, and the correlations between these adipokines and the two types of ketosis of ketosis. Methods: Serum adiponectin (ADP), leptin (LEP), resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, also and energy balance indicators related to ketosis were testedmeasured. Distinguish type Type I and II of ketosis were distinguished by serum Glucose (Glu) and Y values and analyzed the correlations between adipokines in the two types of ketosis of ketosiswere analyzed. Results: β-hydroxybutyric acidBHBA of type I ketosis cows was significantly negatively correlated with Insulin (INS) and LEP, and had a significant positive correlation with serum ADP. In type II ketosis cows, ADP and LEP were significantly negatively correlated; , and INS and resistin in type II ketosis cows were significantly positively correlated.; revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) values had a significantly positive correlation with ADP, and had a very significant and significant negative correlation with resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6. ADP was significantly negatively correlated with resistin and TNF-α; , LEP had a significantly positive correlation with TNF-α, and; a significantly positive correlation was shown among resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α.; there There was also a significant positive correlation between IL-6 and TNF-α. A c c e p t e d A r t i c l e Conclusion: Above results indicated that INS, ADP, and LEP may might exert biological effects influences to help the body recover from negative energy balanceNEB;, while whereas resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in type II ketosis cows exacerbated insulin resistanceIR and inhibited the production and secretion of ADP, weakened the INS sensitivity, and liver protection function, and aggravates aggravated the ketosis.
Background Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is still one of the most critical diseases in calf rearing. Studies have shown that Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (PLP) have intense antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity and modulate gut microbiota. This randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the effect of PLP on fecal score, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant activity, fecal microbiota and metabolites in diarrheic calves. Methods 12 neonatal calves (7–8 day ages and 45–55 kg weights) with fecal scores ≥ 2 were determined as diarrhea then orally administered PLP (400mg/kg BW) QD for five consecutive days. 12 age-matched healthy calves with a fecal score ≤ 1 were selected as the control group. Fecal samples and blood samples were collected from the rectum and tail of diarrheic calves (DS) and calves in the control group (HS) on the 0 d; then collected fecal samples and blood samples from diarrheic calves treated with PLP (TS) on the 7 d of the trial. Fecal or blood samples of these calves were analyzed in inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant activity, fecal microbiota and metabolites. Results Studies showed that treatment with PLP decreased the fecal score of diarrheal calves, serum concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde, and also elevated the level of superoxide dismutase. In addition, PLP treatment altered the gut microbiota, significantly increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria, including the phyla Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, the genus Collinsella, Megamonas and Bifidobacterium; decreased the relative abundances of pathogenetic or diarrhea related bacteria, such as Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Escherichia_Shigella. Moreover, PLP can increase the fecal concentrations of isobutyric acid, propionic acid, and pantothenate; lower the levels of PC (18:0/18:1(9Z)), arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions PLP perform the therapeutic activity via alleviating intestinal inflammation and regulating gut microbiota, avoiding further dysbiosis to restore the metabolism of gut microbiota, and finally promoting the recovery of diarrhea. The change further mitigated intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage in diarrheal calves.
Background: Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory reaction of the breast caused by pathogenic bacteria infection or breast injury, which affect milk yield and quality and poses severe threat to the health of dairy cows. Pulsatilla chinensis has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects, etc. However, there was no research about the therapeutic effect of it towards the treatment of cow mastitis. In the study, twelve healthy cows were selected as the control group (group A), and 36 cows with mastitis were equally and randomly divided into group B, C and D. Group A didn’t accept treatment, while group B, C and D were treated with 15, 30 and 60 mL Pulsatilla saponin B4 (a purified extract form Pulsatilla chinensis) injection by brachiocephalicus intramuscular injection once a day for 4-6 day and the optimal dose was selected from them. Then, we investigated the effect of this extract on the clearance rates of pathogenic bacteria, the regulation of somatic cell count (SCC) and inflammatory factors the in appropriate dose group.Results: Pulsatilla saponin B4 was effective in all test groups and showed a dose-effect relationship. The extract had inhibitory effects on Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysenteriae, Klebsiella species, Mycoplasma bovis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Group C cured more cows than group B and D during the 6 days of treatment and was determined as the optimal dose group. The milk SCC, serum haptoglobin (HP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in Group C were significantly higher than those of healthy cows (P < 0.05) on the first day but had no significant difference with group A after treatment. Conclusion: 30 mL Pulsatilla saponin B4 applied through intramuscular injection once a day for 4-6 days leaded to the significant amelioration of bacterial infection, SCC and levels of serum inflammatory factors in cows with clinical mastitis.
Background Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is typically treated with antibiotics, while long-term application of antibiotics induces drug resistance and antibiotic residues, ultimately decreasing feed efficiency. Pueraria polysaccharide (PPL) is a versatile antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidative compound. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of different doses of PPL (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 g/kg body weight (BW)) and explore the effect of plasma metabolites in diarrheal calves by the best dose of PPL. Results PPL could effectively improve the daily weight gain, fecal score, and dehydration score, and the dosage of 0.4 g/kg BW could reach curative efficacy against calf diarrhea (with effective rates 100.00%). Metabolomic analysis suggested that diarrhea mainly affect the levels of taurocholate, DL-lactate, LysoPCs, and intestinal flora-related metabolites, trimethylamine N-oxide; however, PPL improved liver function and intestinal barrier integrity by modulating the levels of DL-lactate, LysoPC (18:0/0:0) and bilirubin, which eventually attenuated neonatal calf diarrhea. It also suggested that the therapeutic effect of PPL is related to those differential metabolites in diarrheal calves. Conclusions The results showed that 0.4 g/kg BW PPL could restore the clinical score of diarrhea calves by improving the blood indexes, biochemical indexes, and blood metabolites. And it is a potential medicine for the treatment of calf diarrhea.
IntroductionNeonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is still one of the most critical diseases in calf rearing. Studies have shown that Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (PLP) have intense antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity and modulate gut microbiota. This randomized clinical trial aimed to determine the effect of PLP on the neonatal calf with diarrhea.MethodsIn this study, we recorded the fecal score of experimental calves, and calves with fecal scores ≥ 2 were determined as diarrhea and assessed their serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage-related indices. Fecal microbiota and metabolomics of diarrheal calves were further investigated.ResultsResults showed that treatment with PLP decreased the fecal score of diarrheal calves, serum concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-γ, and malondialdehyde, and also elevated the level of superoxide dismutase. In addition, PLP treatment altered the gut microbiota, significantly increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria, including the phyla Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, the genus Collinsella, Megamonas, and Bifidobacterium; decreased the relative abundances of pathogenetic or diarrhea related bacteria, such as Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Escherichia_Shigella. Moreover, PLP can increase the fecal concentrations of isobutyric acid, propionic acid, and pantothenate; lower the levels of PC [18:0/18:1(9Z)], arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.DiscussionThus, the results suggested that the PLP may perform the therapeutic activity via alleviating intestinal inflammation and regulating gut microbiota, avoiding further dysbiosis to restore the metabolism of gut microbiota, and finally promoting the recovery of diarrhea. The change further mitigated intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage in diarrheal calves. This indicated that PLP might be a promising treatment to attenuate diarrhea in neonatal calves.
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