Smad4 is a unique nuclear transducer for all TGF-␤ signaling pathways and regulates gene transcription during development and tissue homeostasis. To elucidate the postnatal role of TGF-␤ signaling in the mammalian brain, we generated forebrain-specific Smad4 knockout mice. Surprisingly, the mutants showed no alteration in long-term potentiation and water maze, suggesting that Smad4 is not required for spatial learning and memory. However, these mutant mice did show enhancement of paired-pulse facilitation in excitatory synaptic transmission and stronger paired-pulse depression of GABA A currents in the hippocampus. The alteration of hippocampal electrophysiology correlated with mouse hyperactivity in homecage and open field tests. Mutant mice also showed overgrooming as well as deficits of prepulse inhibition, a widely used endophenotype of schizophrenia. With a specific real-time PCR array focused on TGF-␤ signaling pathway, we identified a novel regulation mechanism of the pathway in the hippocampal neurons, in which Smad4-mediated signaling suppresses the level of extracellular antagonism of TGF-␤ ligands through transcriptional regulation of follistatin, a selective inhibitor to activin/TGF-␤ signaling in the hippocampus. In summary, we suggest that the canonical TGF-␤ signaling pathway is critical for use-dependent modulation of GABA A synaptic transmission and dendritic homeostasis; furthermore, a disruption in the balance of the excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal network can result in psychiatric-like behavior.

In a hybrid microbiology lecture/lab course with interventions that encouraged collaborative learning and the increased structure of online discussions, students reported similarly high levels of team satisfaction (assessed using Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness) and similar exam scores as students in a parallel section with more traditional face-to-face lectures.

We developed a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) that gives students an opportunity to practice the process of science in a context that intersects with their everyday lives: purchasing grocery store chicken. Student mastery of concepts was assessed by pre- and postassessment questions and lab report worksheets that guided them through the process of writing a scientific paper.