and teaches translation, audiovisual translation, and project management for translators at postgraduate level. She holds a PhD in subtitling from UCL, an MA in German and Philosophy from the University of Oxford, and an MA in Translation from the University of Salford. Her research centres around the diachronic variation in the subtitling of German films into English, with other research interests in machine translation and post-editing, accessibility and the interface between industry and academia. Before becoming an academic she worked for many years in the audiovisual translation industry and is now responsible for the postgraduate professional development programme for translators and interpreters. Panayota (Yota) Georgakopoulou holds a PhD in translation and subtitling and is a seasoned operations executive, currently serving as Senior Director, Research & International Development at Deluxe Media. She leads translation initiatives as well as research on language technologies and tools, and their application in subtitling. Starting off as a translator and subtitler, Yota taught translation and set up subtitling modules at two UK universities, and went on to manage a small subtitling company for several years. She has also served as external adviser and external examiner for postgraduate programs in audiovisual translation, and in the steering and advisory committees of international conferences. Thierry Etchegoyhen is a Principal Researcher in the Human Speech and Language Technology Group (HSLT) at Vicomtech-IK4. He holds a PhD in Computational Linguistics from the University of Geneva and has worked over the years as both an academic researcher and a developer of natural language processing products. His activities have covered research and development for core language processing components as well as the transfer of advanced technology to the industry. He currently leads machine translation research and development in the HSLT group and has been active in several national and European projects in the field.
The volume of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) is increasing to meet the rising demand for data that needs to be accessible around the world. Machine Translation (MT) is one of the most innovative technologies to be deployed in the field of translation, but it is still too early to predict how it can support the creativity and productivity of professional translators in the future. Currently, MT is more widely used in (non-AV) text translation than in AVT. In this article, we discuss MT technology and demonstrate why its use in AVT scenarios is particularly challenging. We also present some potentially useful methods and tools for measuring MT quality that have been developed primarily for text translation. The ultimate objective is to bridge the gap between the tech-savvy AVT community, on the one hand, and researchers and developers in the field of high-quality MT, on the other.
With the increasing demand for fast and accurate audiovisual translation, subtitlers are starting to consider the use of translation technologies to support their work. An important issue that arises from the use of such technologies is measuring how much effort needs to be put in by the subtitler in post-editing (semi-)automatic translations. In this paper we present an objective way of measuring post-editing effort in terms of time. In experiments with English-Portuguese subtitles, we measure the post-editing effort of texts translated using machine translation and translation memory systems. We also contrast this effort against that of translating the texts without any tools. Results show that post-editing is on average 40% faster than translating subtitles from scratch. With our best system, more than 69% of the translations require little or no postediting.
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