This study intended to illustrate the distribution of surface run-off. The methodology was by using Kineros model (kinetic run-off and erosion model). This model is a part of AGWA program which is as the development of ESRI ArcView SIG software that is as a tool for analysing hydrological phenomena in research about watershed simulating the process of infiltration, run-off depth, and erosion in a watershed of small scale such as ≤100 km 2 . The procedures are as follow: to analyse the run-off depth in Brantas sub-watershed, Klojen District by using Kineros model based on the land use change due to the rainfall simulation with the return period of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, and 25 years. Results show that the difference of land use affect the surface run-off or there is the correlation between land use and surface run-off depth. The maximum surface run-off depth in the year 2000 was 134.26 mm; in 2005 it was 139.36 mm; and in 2010 it was 142.76 mm. There was no significant difference between Kineros model and observation in field, the relative error was only 9.09%.
The aims of this study were to evaluate five infiltration models for mineral soils in the tropics with different land use types, such as settlements, plantations, rice fields, and forests. The infiltration models evaluated were Green–Ampt, Kostiakov, Kostiakov–Lewis, Philip, and Horton. The research was conducted at the Amprong watershed, Malang, Indonesia. The infiltration rate of the thirteen soil samples was analysed. The infiltration was tested using Turf-Tech infiltrometer. Moreover, each soil sample was tested in terms of the bulk density, specific gravity, porosity, soil moisture, and soil texture. The results of the study indicate that there is no significant difference (α = 5%) in the infiltration rate among the five models of infiltration. The infiltration rate in the study site was considered fast. Three models exhibiting the best performance are Kostiakov, Kostiakov–Lewis, and Horton model, respectively. The highest infiltration rate occurred in the forest land use while the lowest occurred in the rice field land use. The results of this study suggest that the infiltration model parameters correlate closely with the initial infiltration rate (fo) and the final infiltration rate (fc). In other words there is a correlation between the soil's ability to absorb water (representing the capillary force or horizontal flow) at the beginning of the infiltration (fo) and the gravity or the vertical flow upon reaching the final infiltration rate (fc).
A study of water balance in the Upper Konto sub-watershed was carried out to determine the potential for water availability and its use in the multisector water needs. Rainfall was converted into discharge using the F. J. Mock method, compared with the observed discharge, and calibrated with the Relative Error, Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and Correlation Coefficient (R). The potential for water availability was calculated based on an 80% dependable flow using the Weibull probability method with an amount of 22.41 m3/sec, equivalent to 706.622 million m3/year. The amount of water demand within a period of 25 years in scenario 1 (calculated based on data and increasing according to the growth rate) is 95.090 million m3/year, while in scenario 2 (based on the assumption that domestic, non-domestic, and industry demand increased while fishery, agriculture, and livestock demand remained constant) is 93.419 million m3/year. The results of the water balance analysis showed that the potential for water availability is sufficient for all multisector water needs, or indicates a surplus condition for 25 years (2017-2042).
This study intends to analyse the suitable hydrograph in upstream Brantas sub watershed. The methodology consists of comparing the result of hydrograph due to the methods of Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH), Limantara synthetic unit hydrograph, and the observed unit hydrograph. In detail, this study intends to know the difference of hydrograph parameters: α and Tg as recommended by Nakayasu and in the study location; to know the influence of main river length which is used in the methods of Nakayasu and Limantara to the time of concentration; to know the hydrograph ordinate deviation between Nakayasu and Limantara due to the observed hydrograph. Result is hoped for recommending the suitable hydrograph in upstream Brantas subwatershed so that it can be used accurately for the further design of water resources structure.
This research studies the hydraulic behavior and the problem solving alternatives of original until final design, and the most effective stilling basin and downstream regulator channel for decreasing back water from the upstream water level in the dam foot. The methodology consists of physical modeling in the Laboratory of River and Swamp, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya. The methods include the USBR for the hydraulic analysis, the Hind's formulation for the side channel analysis, the energy equation by analyzing the standard step for the transition and the chute way analysis, and the USBR type III for designing the stilling basin. A square cross-section with the Manning coefficient of 0.40 is used for determining the control of the Tail Water Level (TWL) and a trapezoidal crosssection with the Manning coefficient of 0.39 is used for the final design. However, the equation of Schotlisch and Veronise is used for the local scouring analysis. The result of Model Test and analysis indicates that there are some differences among the analysis in every point of the building. Therefore, the relative error is needed to know how big the error in the comparison result.
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