With the aim of determining the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection by thick smear and PCR and its association with demographic and epidemiological characteristics in the village of Nuevo Tay, Tierralta, Córdoba, Colombia, a cross-sectional population study was carried out, using random probabilistic sampling. Venous blood samples were taken from 212 people on day 0 for thick smear and PCR. Clinical follow-up and thick smears were carried out on days 14 and 28. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection was 17.9% (38/212; 95% CI: 12.5-23.3%) and the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodiumspp. infection was 14.6% (31/212; 95% CI: 9.6-19.6%). Plasmodium vivax was found more frequently (20/31; 64.5%) than Plasmodium falciparum (9/31; 29%) and mixed infections (2/31; 6.5%). A significantly higher prevalence of asymptomatic infection was found in men (19.30%) than in women (9.18%) (prevalence ratio: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.01-4.34%; p = 0.02). People who developed symptoms had a significantly higher parasitemia on day 0 than those who remained asymptomatic, of 1,881.5 +/- 3,759 versus 79 +/- 106.9 (p = 0.008). PCR detected 50% more infections than the thick smears. The presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection highlights the importance of carrying out active searches amongst asymptomatic populations residing in endemic areas.
Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Colombia. To assess AL efficacy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Quibdo, Choco, Colombia, we conducted a 28-day therapeutic efficacy study (TES) following the WHO guidelines. From July 2018 to February 2019, febrile patients aged 5-65 years with microscopy-confirmed P. falciparum mono-infection and asexual parasite density of 250-100,000 parasites/μL were enrolled and treated with a supervised 3-day course of AL. The primary endpoint was adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on day 28. We attempted to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping to differentiate reinfection and recrudescence, and conducted genetic testing for antimalarial resistance-associated genes. Eighty-eight patients consented and were enrolled; four were lost to follow-up or missed treatment doses. Therefore, 84 (95.5%) participants reached a valid endpoint: treatment failure or ACPR. No patient remained microscopy positive for malaria on day 3, evidence of delayed parasite clearance and artemisinin resistance. One patient had recurrent infection (12 parasites/μL) on day 28. Uncorrected ACPR rate was 98.8% (83/84) (95% CI: 93.5-100%). The recurrent infection sample did not amplify during molecular testing, giving a PCR-corrected ACPR of 100% (83/83) (95% CI: 95.7-100%). No P. falciparum kelch 13 polymorphisms associated with artemisinin resistance were identified. Our results support high AL efficacy for falciparum malaria in Choco. Because of the time required to conduct TESs in low-endemic settings, it is important to consider complementary alternatives to monitor antimalarial efficacy and resistance.
Evidence on the comorbidity between soil-transmitted helminth infections and malaria is scarce and divergent. This study explored the interactions between soil-transmitted helminth infections and uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Colombia. A paired case-control study matched by sex, age and location in Tierralta, Cordoba, was done between January and September 2010. The incident cases were 68 patients with falciparum malaria and 178 asymptomatic controls. A questionnaire was used to gather information on sociodemographic variables. Additionally physical examinations were carried out, stool samples were analysed for intestinal parasites and blood samples for Ig E concentrations. We found associations between infection with hookworm (OR: 4.21; 95% CI: 1.68-11.31) and Ascaris lumbricoides (OR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.18-1.04) and the occurrence of falciparum malaria. The effects of soil-transmitted helminths on the occurrence of malaria were found to be paradoxical. While hookworm is a risk factor, A. lumbricoides has a protective effect. The findings suggest that, in addition to the comorbidity, the presence of common determinants of soil-transmitted helminth infections and malaria could also exist. While the biological mechanisms involved are not clear, public health policies aimed at the control of their common social and environmental determinants are suggested.
Introducción. La disminución de la eficacia de los medicamentos antipalúdicos en el mundo y en Colombia, dificulta el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia terapéutica in vivo de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina para el tratamiento del paludismo no complicado por Plasmodium falciparum y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento del paludismo por P. vivax en Tierralta, Córdoba. Materiales y métodos. Durante el período de mayo a noviembre de 2006, se realizaron estudios de eficacia in vivo siguiendo los protocolos estandarizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, con algunas modificaciones. Se estudiaron pacientes mayores de dos años, con parasitemia entre 500 y 50.000 formas asexuales/µl, seleccionados conforme a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente definidos. Se administró tratamiento supervisado y se realizó seguimiento clínico y parasitológico en los días 0 (inclusión), 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 y 28. El desenlace se definió como respuesta clínica y parasitológica adecuada, fracaso terapéutico precoz o fracaso tardío al tratamiento. Resultados. De los pacientes evaluados, 50/53 (94,3%) (IC95%: 70%-100%) presentaron respuesta clínica y parasitológica adecuada al tratamiento con amodiaquina más sulfadoxinapirimetamina para paludismo no complicado por P. falciparum, un paciente presentó fracaso terapéutico precoz y dos presentaron fracaso terapéutico tardío. Los 50 pacientes evaluados (100%) (IC95%: 74%-100%) presentaron respuesta clínica y parasitológica adecuada al tratamiento con cloroquina para el paludismo por P. vivax. Conclusiones. En Córdoba, la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina y la cloroquina son eficaces para el tratamiento del paludismo no complicado por P. falciparum y por P. vivax, respectivamente.
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