OBJECTIVE: Estrogen has been implicated in feeding behavior and adiposity. This study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism underlying the anti-obesity and anorectic action of estrogen and the role of estrogen receptor (ER) in the central nervous system. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ovariectomy in 8-week-old female Wistar rats induced hyperphagia along with an increase in body weight and abdominal fat accumulation compared to control sham-operated rats. These changes were fully reversed by subcutaneous replacement of estradiol and were abrogated by pair-feeding. Then, the effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of estradiol, alone or in combination with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), for ER in ovariectomized rats were examined. The estradiol group showed 10 -20% lower daily food intake, and after the 2-week infusion period a 14% reduction in body weight with a similar reduction in abdominal fat compared to the vehicle group. The inhibitory effect of estradiol on food intake and body weight was blocked by co-administration of ER-ß antisense ODN, whereas ER-a antisense ODN did not show any influence. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that ER-ß in the central nervous system is involved in the anorectic action of estrogen.
Single-crystals of titanium oxide (TiO2) were wrapped in a graphene (G) film by chemical deposition. The morphology, composition and structure of the resulting composite were subsequently characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and FT-IR analysis. The electrochemical properties of the composites were studied by cyclic voltammetry, which showed that the introduction of graphene enhances the electrode conductivity, thereby improving the supercapacitive behavior of TiO2. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests demonstrated that a supercapacitor device fabricated from TiO2 crystals wrapped in graphene (G-TiO2) exhibits a good cycle life, with 94% stability even after 1000 cycles.
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