Reproduction and locomotion are essential features of animals that help to facilitate their interaction with the surrounding environment. Previous studies have produced inconsistent results on behavioral response to spaceflight by the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in liquid culture. Using standard agar-based nematode growth medium (NGM), we show here that both reproductive and locomotory capacities of C. elegans were not significantly changed by centrifuge-produced hypergravity or clinostat-simulated microgravity. To investigate the effect of actual spaceflight on C. elegans, a nematode test unit was specifically designed to maintain its normal growth on solid NGM slides and to allow automatic RNA fixation on board the Shenzhou-8 spaceflight. We did not detect alteration in either brood size of immediate progenies from postflight nematodes or locomotory behavior, including speed of locomotion, frequency of reversals, and rate of body bends of spaceflown nematodes collected directly from nematode test units. Our results provide clear evidence that the nematode test unit is an appropriate apparatus for nematode growth on standard NGM and can be used for onorbit analysis of C. elegans, including onboard RNA fixation for molecular analysis and real-time video acquisition for behavioral analysis, which are critical for further studies in unmanned spaceflight and outer space exploration.
Objective The cortical representation of emotions is complex, and cortical mapping of emotional experience is incomplete. We aimed to contribute to cortical mapping of emotional experience. Methods Clinical data from 400 patients with medically refractory epilepsy who underwent stereo‐electroencephalography implantation for localization of the epileptogenic zone at the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery between October 2015 and June 2021 were collected retrospectively. Furthermore, we reviewed studies that described cortical mapping of emotional experience through electrical cortical stimulation (ECS). Affective responses similar to ictal aura and electrode contacts located in the SOZ were excluded to investigate emotional experiences in normal brain regions. Results Emotional experiences were evoked by stimulation at 10 electrode contacts in the seven patients, including five contacts that evoked mirth and excitement, one contact that evoked calmness, three contacts that evoked fear, and one contact that evoked sadness. In addition, 21 studies that evaluated emotional experiences in response to cortical electrical stimulation were reviewed. Emotions were distributed in the amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, insula, frontal operculum, parietal operculum, and cingulate cortex. Significance We provided additional evidence that brain regions including the amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, insula, frontal operculum, parietal operculum, and cingulate cortex were associated with emotional experience.
On the basis of a brief introduction of 6 types of hydropower station operation and maintenance training contents, the methods and skills to develop network video courses are discussed in detail. It also points out the network learning on the video courses will play an important role in safe and reliable operation of hydropower station.
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