In order to achieve 1~14μm infrared stealth, the forbidden band of photonic crystal (PC) must be broaden. In this paper, we systematically studied several parameters affect the forbidden bandwidth of PC, such as refractive index ratio, thickness and periodic number of two medium layers. Numeric calculation results show that the forbidden bandwidth increases with the refractive index ratio of two medium layers, and it no longer increases when the refractive index ratio is greater than six; the forbidden bandwidth comes largest when the optical thickness of two medium layers is equal to one quarter of center wavelength respectively; and the periodic number has little influence on the bandwidth. Based on these, we chose PbTe and MgF2 to design a compound PC by four photonic crystals whose center wavelengths are at 10.6μm, 4.8μm, 2.5μm and 1.06μm respectively, and obtained nearly 100% reflectance in 1~18μm waveband, which would well meet the demand of the all-infrared waveband stealth.
Based on panel data of 36 industries in 2001-2010, this paper has measured the environmental efficiency of China's industry constrained by energy and has compared it with the conventional industrial economic efficiency. The results show that the increase of energy consumption and environmental pollutant emissions offset 47% of the industrial economic efficiency brought about by technological advances. The results also showed a failure of overall state on China's industrial environmental efficiency with less than 10 percent of DEA effective industry limited by energy.
According to the Environmental Kuznets Theory, environmental effects can be decomposed into scale effect, structure effect, and technology effect. However, the theoretical analysis and empirical research showed that apart from the economic factors, the social, cultural institutional and regional factors impact the environmental efficiency to varying degrees. There exists a positive correlation between the economies of scale, industrial structure, environmental regulation, foreign capital dependence, the market index, the environmental awareness and the improvement of the environmental efficiency, while there exist a negative correlation between the factors of population density, trade dependence, per unit of GDP energy consumption and environmental efficiency improvement.
In certain realistic decision making situations, decision makers (DMs) have difficulty in specifying their perceived state probability values or even probability value ranges, but are able to tell how much more likely is the occurrence of a given state compared to others.
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