Abscisic acid (ABA) plays pivotal roles in plant growth and development and in responses to diverse stresses. It also modulates the growth of primary and lateral roots. Much evidence indicated that key cellular components auxin, ethylene, PLETHs, reactive oxygen species and Ca are involved in the regulation of ABA suppression of root elongation. In this review, we summary the molecular mechanism for ABA inhibiting primary root growth, focusing on the roles of these components in Arabidopsis.
Plasma membrane NADPH oxidases (NOXs), also named respiratory burst oxidase homologues (Rbohs), are critical generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which as signal molecules regulate growth and development, and adaptation to various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. NOXs-dependent ROS production is frequently induced by diverse phytohormones. The ROS commonly function downstream of, and interplay with hormone signalings, coordinately modulating plant development and stress tolerance. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the roles and molecular mechanisms of Rbohs in mediating signalings of multiple hormones including auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene and brassinosteroids in plants.
Nitric oxide (NO) as an important secondary messager plays crucial roles in modulating stomatal movement, especially abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. Accumulating evidence indicates that NO positively and negatively regulates guard cell ABA signaling. NO is also implicated in stomatal closure mediated by hydrogen sulfide, small peptides, polyamines, and methyl jasmonate. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the roles and the underlying mechanisms of NO in regulating stomatal closure in plants.
Addendum to: Hao FS, Zhao SL, Dong H, Zhang H, Sun LR, Miao C. Nia1 and Nia2 are involved in exogenous salicylic acid-induced nitric oxide generation and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis.
The mammalian Y chromosome plays a critical role in spermatogenesis. However, the exact functions of each gene on the Y chromosome have not been completely elucidated, due, in part, to difficulties in gene targeting analysis of the Y chromosome. The zinc finger protein, Y-linked (ZFY) gene was first proposed to be a sex determination factor, although its function in spermatogenesis has recently been elucidated. Nevertheless, ZFY gene targeting analysis has not been performed to date. In the present study, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to generate ZFY-interrupted Hu sheep by injecting short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into round spermatids. The resulting spermatozoa exhibited abnormal sperm morphology, including spermatozoa without tails and others with head and tail abnormalities. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ZFY mRNA expression was decreased significantly in Hu sheep with interrupted ZFY compared with wild-type Hu sheep. The sex ratio of lambs also exhibited a bias towards females. Together, the experimental strategy and findings of the present study reveal that ZFY also functions in spermatogenesis in Hu sheep and facilitate the use of RNAi in the control of sex in Hu sheep.
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