Over the past decade, M-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line W931A and a variety of restorer lines have been exploited for the release of hybrid seeds in soybean (Glycine max). However, the identities of restorer genes in the nuclei of soybean restorer lines are still unclear. In this study, we analysed the inheritance pattern of restorer locus Rf-m from restorer line WR016 and constructed a high-resolution map of this locus. Results showed that Rf-m in WR016 is a monogenic dominant gene located within a 162.4-kb region on chromosome 16, which is flanked on each side by new developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers GmSSR1602 and GmSSR1610 at a distance of 0.11 and 0.25 cM, respectively. Nineteen open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in this region. Of these, seven genes arranged in tandem on chromosome 16 encode pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, which is similar to other reported restorer loci in plants. These results lay a solid foundation for map-based cloning of the Rf-m gene and will be helpful for marker-assisted selection of elite CMS restorer lines.Key words: soybean line W931A -simple sequence repeat marker -restorer line WR016 -mapping Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that results in the inability of plants to produce fertile pollen (Hanson and Bentolila 2004). CMS is often associated with variations in the mitochondrial genome (Mackenzie et al. 1994, Schnable and Wise 1998, St€ adler and Delph 2002. In previous studies, male sterility can be restored by introducing some dominant nuclear genes, which are referred to as Rf (restorer of fertility) genes (Budar and Pelletier 2001, Liu et al. 2001). The CMS/Rf system is an ideal model for studying genetic interactions between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of plants. Additionally, the CMS/Rf system is also a practical tool for hybrid seed production (Liu et al. 2012). In China, several soybean hybrids developed using the CMS/Rf system have been released. The yields of these hybrids are 15-20% higher than those of the corresponding inbred parental varieties (Zhao et al. 2004, Zhang et al. 2007a, Peng et al. 2008.Soybean CMS lines in China are mainly gametophytic male sterile. These lines are classified into five main types based on the origin of the sterile cytoplasm: M, RN, ZD, XX and N8855 (Zhang et al. 1999, Ding et al. 2002, Sun et al. 2003. Among them, M-type CMS lines were developed using a local earlymaturing cultivar, 'Zhongyou89B', as the cytoplasm donor (Zhang et al. 1999(Zhang et al. , 2007b. Zhang et al. (1999) reported that W931A, which belongs to the class of M-type, produces~98.7% aborted pollen and exhibits a number of beneficial traits for breeding, such as stable sterility, strong combining ability and wide adaptability. The first summer soybean hybrid in the early maturity group to be released was developed using this line, with an average yield increase of 19.14% (Zhang et al. 2007a). One challenge encountered when using CMS for breeding is identifying a good restorer lin...
IntroductionHeterosis is a critical phenomenon in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and Restorer gene (Rf) systems are essential components for heterosis-based breeding. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CMS remains largely unclear in soybean.MethodsWe integrated a morphological investigation with comparative analyses of transcriptomic and proteomic changes in pollen from the CMS line W931A and its maintainer line, W931B, at the uninucleate microspore (UM) and binucleate pollen (BP) stages.ResultsCompared to W931B, which had healthy, oval pollen grains, W931A showed shrunken or degraded pollen grains with an irregularly thickened endothelium and decreased starch accumulation. Transcriptomic comparisons revealed a total of 865 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in W931A over the two stages. These genes were primarily associated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions, sphingolipid metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism. Proteomic analysis revealed 343 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), which were mainly involved in carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and nitrogen metabolism. Consistently, Gene Ontology (GO) biological process terms related to pollen development were enriched among DEGs at the UM and BP stages. Notably, four genes with demonstrated roles in pollen development were differentially expressed, including AGAMOUS-LIKE 104, PROTEIN-TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE 1, and PHOSPHOLIPASE A2. A total of 53 genes and the corresponding proteins were differentially expressed in W931A at both the UM and BP stages, and many of these were pectinesterases, polygalacturonases, peroxidases, and ATPases.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest that pollen development in W931A is likely regulated through suppression of the identified DEGs and DEPs. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying CMS in soybean, aiding future research into soybean fertility and promoting the efficient use of heterosis for soybean improvement.
The task allocation process in the Witkey mode is dynamic and open, in which Witkey is a rational person. Due to Witkey's individual rationality, in order to make the result of task allocation stable, task allocation must reach the Nash equilibrium. However, the Nash equilibrium point does not necessarily have the highest total system revenue. In order to make the task allocation result stable and have a high total system revenue, this paper proposes an incentive measure based on integral ranking to improve user participation. When Witkey adopts the best response strategy to select task, the order of participating in the selection will affect the individual income of Witkey to a certain extent. The higher the order, the greater the probability of obtaining higher system income. Based on this idea, a dynamic task allocation algorithm with complex tasks in the Witkey mode is proposed by combining incentive measures with best response strategy and reasonable benefit allocation strategy. The finally simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and the impact of incentive measures on the total revenue of the system was also examined.
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