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Pediatric oncology, notably childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is currently one of the health-leading concerns worldwide and a biomedical priority. Decreasing overall leukemia mortality in children requires a comprehensive understanding of its pathobiology. It is becoming clear that malignant cell-to-niche intercommunication and microenvironmental signals that control early cell fate decisions are critical for tumor progression. We show here that the mesenchymal stromal cell component of ALL bone marrow (BM) differ from its normal counterpart in a number of functional properties and may have a key role during leukemic development. A decreased proliferation potential, contrasting with the strong ability of producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and an aberrantly loss of CXCL12 and SCF, suggest that leukemic lymphoid niches in ALL BM are unique and may exclude normal hematopoiesis. Cell competence ex vivo assays within tridimensional coculture structures indicated a growth advantage of leukemic precursor cells and their niche remodeling ability by CXCL12 reduction, resulting in leukemic cell progression at the expense of normal niche-associated lymphopoiesis.

In this study, we investigated the time course gene expression profile of preneoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) to define the genes implicated in cancer progression in a resistant hepatocyte model. Tissues that included early nodules (1 month, ENT-1), persistent nodules (5 months, ENT-5), dissected HCC (12 months), and normal livers (NL) from adult rats were analyzed by cDNA arrays including 1185 rat genes. Differential genes were derived in each type of sample (n = 3) by statistical analysis. The relationship between samples was described in a Venn diagram for 290 genes. From these, 72 genes were shared between tissues with nodules and HCC. In addition, 35 genes with statistical significance only in HCC and with extreme ratios were identified. Differential expression of 11 genes was confirmed by comparative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas that of 2 genes was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Members involved in cytochrome P450 and second-phase metabolism were downregulated, whereas genes involved in glutathione metabolism were upregulated, implicating a possible role of glutathione and oxidative regulation. We provide a gene expression profile related to the progression of nodules into HCC, which contributes to the understanding of liver cancer development and offers the prospect for chemoprevention strategies or early treatment of HCC.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural component of propolis, shows anticarcinogenic properties in the modified resistant hepatocyte model when administered before initiation or promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis process; however, information about the mechanism underlying this chemoprotection is limited. The aim of this work was to characterize the effect of CAPE on cytochrome P450 (CYP), which is involved in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) metabolism during the initiation stage of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Fischer-344 rats were treated as in the modified resistant hepatocyte model. Liver samples were obtained at four different times: at 12 h after pretreatment with CAPE and at 12 and 24 h and 25 days after DEN administration. Liver damage was determined by histology with hematoxylin and eosin, measurement of total CYP levels and enzyme activity, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive (GGT+) staining of hepatocyte foci. CAPE administration prevented DEN-induced necrosis at 24 h. It also decreased O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxy-resorufin (EROD), O-dealkylation of 7-methoxyresorufin (MROD), and 7-pentoxy-resorufin activities at 12 h after its administration and EROD and MROD activities at 12 h after administration of DEN. CAPE treatment decreased GGT+ foci by 59% on day 25. Our results suggest that CAPE modifies the enzymatic activity of CYP isoforms involved in the activation of DEN, such as CYP1A1/2 and CYP2B1/2. These findings describe an alternative mechanism for understanding the ability of CAPE to protect against chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

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