Many Brazilian forest industries use wood biomass as a sustainable energy source that generates a wood ash by-product. This residue is typically discarded in nearby planted forests. To evaluate the effects of wood ash rates on Pinus taeda L. growth, a study was established on a high clay soil in 2006. Five rates of wood ash (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 T ha−1) were applied to a P. taeda system. Soil chemical properties were evaluated three times at different depths. Tree growth (i.e., height, diameter at breast height, and commercial volume) and nutrition (needle elemental composition) were determined. After 11 years, litter accumulation and soil mobilization (bioturbation) were also evaluated. Ash application did not affect tree growth/yield or litter accumulation. A small reduction in soil acidity and increased bases in the upper soil layer were observed two years after ash application; this effect reached deeper layers after six years but retreated to shallower depths at 11 years. A soil amount of 14.6 m3 ha−1 year−1 was relocated closer to the soil surface due to bioturbation by edaphic fauna. The application of wood ash to forest soils appears to be an ecologically sound alternative for disposal of this industrial by-product. Study Implications Wood ash residue is an environmental liability that requires adequate disposal. Our study showed that even high amounts of this residue (80 T ha−1) can be safely applied to a planted forest system, reducing the costs when compared with disposing the residue in landfills.
Root-knotting nematodes are found in vineyards and are associated with grapevine decline. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of four new hybrids, obtained by crossing Vits labruscana and Vits rotundifolia (IBRE 421, IBBT 481, IBRK 504 and IBMG 631), to Meloidogyne javanica. This study also evaluated three rootstocks (IAC 766, Paulsen 1103, VR 043- 43), widely used and showing resistance levels to M. javanica. The plants were obtained from cuttings, then grown in pots, and inoculated with a population of M. javanica. One year after inoculation, the plants presented no galls on their fine roots. The root nematodes were extracted and quantified. The reproduction factor of M. javanica in all genotypes was close to zero. The tested hybrids are not good hosts for the multiplication of M. javanica. Thus, these new hybrids can be used as a geneticcontrol strategy of M. javanica.
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