Background Symptoms related to endometriosis have a significant impact on the quality of life, and symptoms often recur. The experience sampling method (ESM), a digital questioning method characterized by randomly repeated momentary assessments, has several advantages over traditionally used measurements, including the ability to assess the temporal relationship between variables such as physical, mental, and social factors. Objective The aim of this study is to develop an ESM tool for patients with endometriosis to accurately measure symptoms and their course over time, allowing for personalized treatment and adequate monitoring of treatment efficacy in individual patients. Methods On the basis of international guidelines, items from validated questionnaires were selected through a literature review and during focus groups and multidisciplinary expert meetings. Data analysis was conducted using ATLAS.ti (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH). The feasibility and usability of the newly developed momentary assessment tool were tested for 28 consecutive days in 5 patients with endometriosis-related pain symptoms. Results Momentary assessment items contained questions concerning endometriosis symptoms, general somatic symptoms, psychological symptoms, contextual information, and the use of food and medication. A morning questionnaire on sleep and sexuality was included. In a pilot study, the patients considered the tool easy to use but time consuming. The average compliance rate of momentary assessments was 37.8% (106/280), with the highest completion rate during the first week (39/70, 56%). Therefore, it is advisable to use the ESM for a maximum of 7 days. Conclusions A new digital tool for endometriosis symptom assessment was developed using the ESM, which may help overcome the limitations of current retrospective questionnaires. After validation and testing, future studies will be planned to evaluate the use of this tool in a clinical setting in order to propose a personalized treatment plan for women with endometriosis.
IntroductionPost-menopausal blood loss is a common complaint of patients seen in gynecological practice. The most frequent malignancy found in cases of post-menopausal bleeding is endometrial cancer. Other causes can be malignancies of the rest of a woman's genital tract or metastases from other tumors. To the best of our knowledge, it appears that this is the first published case of a post-menopausal primary appendiceal carcinoma presenting with vaginal blood loss.Case presentationA 75-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of vaginal hysterectomy presented with a 10-month history of post-menopausal blood loss. After extensive examination and discussion, ovarian carcinoma was suggested. Microscopic examination of the tissue removed at laparotomy revealed an adenocarcinoma of the appendix. She was treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and with palliative chemotherapy after 14 months because of intra-abdominal metastatic disease.ConclusionPost-menopausal blood loss in a patient with a history of hysterectomy is uncommon and always needs further investigation.
Background: The extent of endometriosis is not directly related to the degree of symptoms, and recurrence of symptoms occurs frequently. Given that, an association with psychological distress, as in depression and anxiety disorders, is suggested. Objective: To explore the strength of the associations between endometriosis and depression or anxiety and to review potential correlating factors. Search Strategy: A literature search was carried out using the electronic databases Embase, PubMed, Web-of-science and PsycINFO. Search terms related to depression, anxiety and endometriosis were combined resulting in 1,837 records. Selection criteria: Articles describing an association between endometriosis and depression or anxiety by using validated assessment tools, structured psychiatric interviews or a documented diagnosis were included. Data collection and Analysis: With 47 articles a systematic qualitative review was performed. Seventeen studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Main Results: In the meta-analysis, endometriosis patients experienced significantly more symptoms of depression (SMD of 0.71 (95%CI 0.36, 1.06) and anxiety (SMD 0.60 (95%CI 0.35, 0.84)) compared to healthy controls, but no differences were found comparing endometriosis patients with chronic pelvic pain patients without endometriosis. Besides the effect of pain, other correlating factors included age, quality of life, quality of sleep, fatigue, sexual function, gastrointestinal symptoms, comorbidity, selfesteem, emotional self-efficacy, coping style, social adjustment, pain imagery and pain sensitization. Conclusion: Endometriosis is associated with depression and anxiety. Therefore, an integrated patient-centred approach to medical, psychological and sexual issues is suggested as this may positively influence the perception of symptoms, treatment adherence, quality of life, prognosis and health care costs.
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