Resumo ObjetivoEstimar a prevalência e a distribuição social da anemia na infância, estabelecer a tendência secular dessa enfermidade e analisar sua determinação, com base em dados coletados por dois inquéritos domiciliares realizados na cidade de São Paulo, SP, em 1984/85 e em 1995/96. Métodos Os inquéritos estudaram amostras probabilísticas da população residente na cidade com idade entre zero e 59 meses (1.016 em 1984/85 e 1.280 em 1995/96). Amostras de sangue capilar obtidas por punctura digital foram coletadas nos dois inquéritos e analisadas com relação à concentração de hemoglobina. O diagnóstico da anemia correspondeu a concentrações inferiores a 11 g/dL. O estudo da distribuição social da anemia levou em conta tercis da renda familiar per capita em cada um dos inquéritos. A estratégia analítica para estudar os determinantes da evolução da prevalência da anemia na população empregou modelos hierárquicos de causalidade, análises multivariadas de regressão e procedimentos análogos aos utilizados para calcular riscos atribuíveis populacionais. Resultados/ConclusõesHouve entre os inquéritos redução significativa na concentração média de hemoglobina (de 11,6 g/dL para 11,0 g/dL) e aumento significativo na prevalência de anemia (de 35,6% para 46,9%). Essa evolução desfavorável foi observada em ambos os sexos, em todas as faixas etárias e em todos os estratos econômicos da população. A evolução tendeu a ser ainda mais desfavorável para o terço mais pobre das crianças da cidade, o que determinou o agravamento das desvantagens desse estrato frente aos demais. Determinantes distais (renda familiar e escolaridade materna) e proximais (tipo de aleitamento) da anemia evoluíram favoravelmente entre os inquéritos e, assim, não puderam explicar o aumento da enfermidade. A estabilidade apurada quanto à densidade de ferro na dieta, em valores inferiores às necessidades, justifica a elevada prevalência da enfermidade, mas não explica seu aumento. Abstract ObjectiveData from two consecutive households surveys undertaken in mid-80s and mid-90s allow to characterize and analyse secular trends in infant and child anaemia in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil.
Mudanças na composição e adequação nutricional da dieta familiar nas áreas metropolitanas do Brasil (1988-1996)Secular changes in dietary patterns in the metropolitan areas of Brazil
OBJECTIVE:To describe the regional and socioeconomic distribution of household food availability in Brazil. METHODS: Data from the 2008-2009Household Budget Survey on food and beverage acquisition for household consumption, conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografi a e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), were analyzed. The amounts of foods, recorded during seven consecutive days in the 55,970 sample households, were converted into calories and nutrients. Food quality indicators were constructed and analyzed according to the regional and socioeconomic strata of the Brazilian population. RESULTS:The amount of energy from protein was adequate in all regional and socioeconomic strata. On the other hand, an excess of free sugars and fats was observed in all regions of the country, especially in the Southern and Southeastern regions. The proportion of saturated fats was high in urban areas and consistent with the greater contribution of animal-derived products. Limited availability of fruits and vegetables was found in all regions. An increase in the fat content and reduction in carbohydrate content of the diet were observed with the increase in income. CONCLUSIONS:The negative characteristics of the Brazilian diet observed at the end of the fi rst decade of the 21 st century indicate the need to prioritize public policies for the promotion of healthy eating.
Contemporary changes in food consumption patterns in urban areas of Brazil are described. The main data sources are two national food expenditure surveys undertaken in the early 60's and late 80's (1961-62 and 1987-88) and one national food intake survey undertaken in the mid-70's (1974-75). The analysis is restricted to the seven metropolitan areas represented in the three surveys. Food patterns are described on the basis of the relative consumption of different food groups, proportion of energy from carbohydrates, protein and lipids, proportion of animal and vegetable protein and fats, proportion of complex and simple carbohydrates, ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids and relative consumption of cholesterol. Main food changes were similar in the Northeastern and Southeastern cities and involved: 1) reduction in the relative consumption of cereals, beans, roots and tubercles; 2) replacement of lard, bacon and butter by vegetable oils and margarine: and 3) increase in the relative consumption of eggs, milk and dairy products. As a net result of these changes there was, simultaneously, a decrease in the carbohydrate content of the Brazilian diet and an increase in its fat content. Total protein content of the diet remained at around 12% in the three surveys but animal protein increased. Changes in the fat content of the diet involved an increased proportion of vegetable fat, an increased ratio of poly-unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and a reduction in cholesterol intake. Health implications of dietary changes are discussed based on the World Health Organization's dietary guidelines.
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