Salmon fish is a type of seafood and valuable protein source, maintaining a significant role in the human diet. Salmon fish contain large amounts of important compounds, including fat-soluble vitamins, trace elements, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; mainly docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]). The role of PUFA in brain cell growth during the embryonic period has been recognized (Hosseini et al., 2016). Also, PUFA can prevent heart disease, though high levels of PUFA in Salmon fish result in weak product quality. Fish spoilage leads to lipid oxidation and growth of microorganisms, as well as the consequent spread of unpleasant odor, color, taste, texture, and appearance; the nutritional value is also reduced (Hosseini et al., 2016). One of the common methods for preserving Salmon fish is the utilization of cold temperatures via refrigerators. Low temperatures slow down the speed of enzymatic reactions and
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D administration on the markers of inflammation and metabolic damages in the liver of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of control receiving a normal diet (ND) and intervention receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). After 16 weeks, each group was divided into two groups including ND, ND + vitamin D, HFD, and HFD + vitamin D. Vitamin D was administered by oral gavage for five weeks at the dose of 500 IU/kg. Hepatic MCP-1, TGF-β, and NF-κB levels, serum liver enzymes, and serum lipids, and histological and structural changes in the liver were determined. Vitamin D administration significantly reduced the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 concentrations in the HFD + vitamin D group compared with the HFD group and reduced liver Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels in both vitamin D-treated groups (p<0.05). Moreover, a significant reduction in the serum levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in vitamin D treated groups was identified (p<0.05). A significant improvement in lipids and a pronounced improvement in the markers of liver histology damage including fat accumulation, aggregation of inflammatory cells, pre-apoptotic changes, hepatic sinusoidal dilatation, and necrotic pyknosis in the Kupffer cells were also identified. Our results demonstrated that vitamin D has potential effects in ameliorating the inflammatory, metabolic, and histologic changes in the liver of these animals.
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