Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic divergence among eight Coffea species and to identify the parentage of six interspecific hybrids. A total of 14 primers which contained different simple sequence repeats (SSR) were used as single primers or combined in pairs and tested for PCR amplifications. Two hundred and thirty highly reproducible fragments were amplified, which were then used to estimate the genetic similarity and to cluster the Coffea species and hybrids. High levels of interspecific genetic variation were revealed. The dinucleotide motif (GA) 9 T combined with other di-tri-and tetra-nucleotides produced a greater number of DNA fragments, mostly polymorphics, suggesting a high frequency of the poly GA microsatellite motifs in the Coffea genomes. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.25 between C. racemosa and C. liberica var. dewevrei to 0.86 between C. arabica var. arabica and Hybrid N. 2. The C. arabica species shared most of its markers with five of the six hybrids suggesting that it is the most likely candidate as one of the progenitors of those hybrids. These results revealed that ISSR markers could be efficiently used for genetic differentiation of the Coffea species and to identify the parentage of Coffea interspecific hybrids.
Knowledge of the genetic variability among genotypes is important for the transfer of useful genes and to maximize the use of available germplasm resources. This study was carried out to assess the genetic variability of 14 elite Coffea arabica cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) associated with a prior digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases. The accessions were obtained from the Coffea collection maintained at the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), located in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Twenty-four informative RAPD primers, used in association with restriction enzymes, yielded 330 reproducible and scorable DNA bands, of which 224 (68%) were polymorphic. The amplified products were used to estimate the genetic variability using Dice's similarity coefficient. The data matrix was converted to a dendrogram and a three-dimensional plot using principal coordinate analysis. The accessions studied were separated into clusters in a manner that was consistent with the known pedigree. The associations obtained in the dendrogram and in the principal coordinate analysis plot suggest the probable origin of the Kattimor cultivar. The RAPD technique associated with restriction digestion was proved to be a useful tool for genetic characterization of C. arabica genotypes making an important contribution to the application of molecular markers to coffee breeding.
The gypsum has elevated calcium and sulfur in the soil, and there are reports of increased grain yield of soybean with reduced number of plants, being necessary in conjunction with economic return on investment. This study investigated the effect of application superficial of gypsum and different numbers of plants in precision seed drill in the nutritional aspect of the leaf tissue, grain yield of soybean cultivated in clayey Rhodic Hapludox and economic return on investment. Used in the experiment was a randomized block design in scheme tracks (4 × 4), with four doses of gypsum (0, 800, 1600 and 2400 kg ha -1 ) applied at the V4 stage of soybean Vmax RR (SYN 7059RR) and four variations in the number of plants ( 12, 14, 16 and 18 plants per meter), with four replications. Samples of leaf tissue were collected in the flowering stage of soybean in the 2011/2012 crop, and then determined the levels of Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. At maturity the yield assessment was performed. The number of plants per meter with precision seed drill and superficial application of gypsum at the V4 stage do not affect the content of macro-and micronutrients leaf tissue of soybean cultivar SYN 7059RR. The application of gypsum at the V4 stage and reducing the number of plants per meter statistically do not affect the grain yield. Recommend lower number of plant (12 plants m -1 ) on soybean cultivar for SYN 7059RR. The economic returns using higher amount of seed (14, 16 and 18 plants m -1 ) is -283, -260 and -271% with investment of US$ 13.76, 29.24 and 44.72. Use of gypsum focused costs to only two cultures (soybeans and wheat) during the crop season provides residual soil of 104.43 kg ha -1 of S. Application 800 kg ha -1 gypsum provides US$ 14.56 profit with 44% economic return to payment half investment (US$ 33.32).
ResumoO objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físicas do solo, os componentes de produção e a produtividade da soja em sucessão à aveia branca com e sem pastejo animal no período de outono inverno na região Oeste do Paraná. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema de faixas com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por seis tipos de usos do solo cultivado com a aveia branca (Avena sativa): pastejos com alturas residuais de 10 e de 20 cm, cortes para fenação com alturas residuais de 10 e 20 cm, semeadura direta, preparo convencional e nas subparcelas a semeadura de soja (cultivares Vmax e CD 215). O manejo do solo sem pastejos ou cortes para semeadura direta e sem pastejos ou cortes para preparo convencional refletiram em maior deposição de palhada residual da aveia, e maior macroporosidadena camada 10-20cmquando realizado no plantio convencional. A densidade do solo foi menor em ambas as camadas, quando o sistema sem pastejos ou cortes em preparo convencional foi utilizado. A exploração pecuária durante o período outono inverno, mantendo um resíduo de palhada de no mínimo 10 cm de altura não compromete os componentes de produção nem a produtividade de grãos de soja em sucessão, maximizando o uso do solo e viabilizando o uso do pastejo animal.Palavra Chave: Avena sativa, palha residual, densidade do solo, matéria orgânica. Soil physical properties and performance of the soybean crop to oats under different managements AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the physical properties of soil, yield components and soybean yield in succession to oat with and without grazing animal in the autumn winter period in western Paraná. The experimental design was randomized blocks in tracks scheme with split plots and three replications. The plots consisted of six types of soil uses cultivated with oat (Avena sativa): grazings with residual heights of 10 and 20 cm, cuts to haying with residual heights of 10 and 20 cm, direct seeding, conventional tillage and subplots the sowing of soybean (Vmax cultivars and CD 215). The soil management without grazing and cuts to seeding direct and no grazing or cuts for conventional tillage reflected in greater deposition of straw of oats, and higher macroporosity in 10-20 cm layer when performed in conventional tillage. The density of soil was lower in both layers, when the system without no grazing or cuts in conventional tillage was used. The exploration of livestock farming during the autumn winter period, maintaining a straw residue of at least 10 cm does not compromise the components of production or productivity soybeans in succession, maximizing the use of soil and enabling the use of the animal grazing.
Soil compaction can decrease potential crop yield and is frequently found in no-till cultivation systems, but there is little information on the critical limits of soil physical properties in these conditions, especially in subtropical soils. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the infl uence of tractor traffi c on soil physical properties and identifi es critical limits of soil bulk density, soil compaction degree, macro, and microporosity on crop yield of corn and black oat assessed in situ in a Xanthic Hapludox in Southern Brazil. Tractor machine traffi c (0, 2, 5 and 20 passes) was established in no-till soil to create different soil compaction levels. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00-0.05, 0.07-0.12 and 0.17-0.22 m just after tractor traffi c in two moments: before corn cultivation, and then before black oat cultivation. Under the conditions of this experiment, the 10% higher yields of corn and black oats were obtained with macroporosity above 0.10 m 3 m -3 and 0.13 m 3 m -3 , respectively. Similarly, the soil compactness degrees of 90% and 86% were considered critical for the corn and black oat, respectively. In addition, soil compaction by machine traffi c reduced maize yield up to 33% and black oat biomass yield up to 44%. Our results demonstrate that growers should be aware of the consequences of machine traffi c on soil properties, as it can severely compromise crop yields, especially of corn and black oats cultivated in very clayey soil like the one evaluated in this study.
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