-Adenocalymma bracteatum is a shrub of dense foliage and yellow fl owers, easily found on grasslands areas in Central Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive biology and the fl ower visitors of A. bracteatum in a pasture area nearby Ivinhema city, MS (Brazil). The fl owering peak occurs in winter. The fl ower refl ects ultraviolet light. Anthesis begins at 6:30h, and pollen and nectar are the resources to visitors. We captured 1,038 fl oral visitors. The bees Apis mellifera (L.), Trigona sp., Trigona spinipes (Fabricius), (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and the ant Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were the main visitors. The reproductive tests indicate that A. bracteatum is self compatible, justifying its expansion in altered environments; however, the largest reproductive success was dependant on cross-pollination and self-pollination, evidencing the pollinators importance. Adenocalymma bracteatum presents melittophilous syndrome and bumblebees were the main pollinators in the area. The correlations observed between the climatic variables and the main pollinator species were low or medium.KEY WORDS: Floral trait, pillager, pollinator, beeThe interactions between animals and plants are infl uenced by several community-specifi c biotic and abiotic factors. The study of such characteristics, joined to the species phenology, is crucial to understand the co-evolutionary and ecological processes observed between plants and pollinators (Pellmyr & Thompson 1996, Thompson 1999, 2005. Although widely spread and diversifi ed, the relations between plants and pollinators are seldom studied regarding the impact of seasonal changes and species phenology on ecological interactions ( . Pollination studies enhance our understanding of such interactions and provide feedback information for the appropriate management and preservation of tropical environments. When the species being studied belong to important families characterized by numerous species, high abundance of individuals, and wider geographic distribution, the information obtained is still more relevant. This is the case of the Bignoniaceae family (Udulutsch et al 2004, Kinoshita et al 2006, with about 800 species and the predominance of lianas belonging to tribe Bignoniae in the Neotropical region (Gentry 1974a(Gentry , 1980. With the aim of increasing the knowledge about the importance of ecological relations on pollination, the objective of this study was to identify the fl oral visitors of Adenocalymma bracteatum (tribe Bignoniae), to describe the behaviour of the most frequent and the potential effective pollinators, and to characterize the fl oral and reproductive biology of the relation between environmental factors and the visiting species. Material and MethodsField research was conducted on a roadside approximately three kilometers north of urban Ivinhema city, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (22º18'S, 53º48'W), Brazil. This is a transition area in terms of fl oristic composition, containing grasses, shrubs and creepers (in pastures...
-Aiming to estimate the rate of exploitation of the fl oral resources of Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum. as well as the interaction with their fl oral visitors in the pollination, the number of visits by fl ower was sampled, according to the type of visitation, the collected resource and the visitor's behavior during the forage for fl owers. The fl oral visitors were grouped into seven guilds, organized in decreasing order of benefi t to the S. leucanthum fl ower's pollination: effective pollinator, occasional pollinator, endogamic pollinator, generalist visitor, thievery visitor, thievery-pillager ant and pillager visitor. The total of 48.2 ± 8.84 visits were recorded by fl ower. Nearly 50% of the visits resulted in nectar thief or pillage, which posed some problems to the reproduction of S. leucanthum, such as the drop in the attractiveness to pollinators and the harm to the fl ower's reproductive tissues. Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was considered the most harmful species owing to the high frequency of pillage and forage. Bombus sp1, however, was probably the species that pollinated S. lecanthum fl owers the most, making use of the crossed pollination.KEY WORDS: Foraging behavior, foraging frequency, pollinator, nectar thief-pillage RESUMO -Com o objetivo de estimar a taxa de exploração dos recursos fl orais de Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum. e a interação com seus visitantes fl orais na polinização, foram amostradas as visitas realizadas por fl or, agrupadas segundo o tipo de visitação e o recurso coletado, registrando-se o comportamento do visitante durante o forrageamento às fl ores. Os visitantes fl orais foram agrupados em sete guildas, em ordem decrescente de benefício à polinização das fl ores de S. leucanthum: polinizador efetivo, polinizador casual, polinizador endogâmico, visitante generalista, visitante furtador, formiga furtadora-pilhadora e visitante pilhador. Foram constatadas 48,2 ± 8,84 visitas por fl or, sendo que a guilda polinizador efetivo respondeu por 16,1 ± 8,43 (33,3%) visitas por fl or. Quase 50% das visitas resultaram no furto ou pilhagem de néctar, representando prejuízos à reprodução de S. leucanthum, como a redução da atratividade aos polinizadores e o dano aos tecidos reprodutivos da fl or. Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foi considerada a espécie mais prejudicial devido à alta freqüência de pilhagem e de forrageamento, enquanto Bombus sp1 foi provavelmente a espécie que mais polinizou fl ores de S. leucanthum através da polinização cruzada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Forrageamento, freqüência, polinizador, furto-pilhagem de néctarSparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum. é uma planta nativa do Brasil, típica da Mata Atlântica e da fl oresta semidecídua da Bacia do Paraná, sendo que apenas no Mato Grosso do Sul tornou-se uma séria infestante de pastagens implantadas em área de antigas fl orestas (Lorenzi 2000a). Apresenta rápido crescimento, podendo ser empregada em plantios mistos para restauração da vegetação em áreas de...
ioLogia reProdutiva de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-gawL) Miers (BignoniaCeae) e CoMPortaMento de forrageaMento dos visitantes fLorais PredoMinantes B
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