Epilepsy is a yet under-recognized consequence after a stroke and nearly 30% of cases are pharmacoresistant. There is an unmet need for therapeutic interventions during epileptogenesis for better long-term disease outcomes. Transcranial photo
Dentre os diversos tipos de câncer e suas mais variadas formas está o câncer de pênis (CP), com níveis de incidência mais elevados em países em desenvolvimento. O CP é uma neoplasia rara, cujo tratamento, muitas vezes mutilante, causa efeitos devastadores aos pacientes. Logo, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar por meio de uma revisão sistemática o perfil epidemiológico do CP no Brasil e as principais estratégias de prevenção. Foi realizada uma prospecção de fontes tradicionais de conhecimento (como livros), artigos de periódicos eletrônicos obtidos do PUBMED/Medline, Scielo, CAPES e Lilacs publicados até 2018. Foram utilizados os descritores: câncer de pênis, epidemiologia e prevenção, sendo encontrados 23 artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Normalmente o CP ocorre associado à fimose, tabagismo, DSTs, hábitos inadequados de higiene e resistência masculina em procurar assistência médica. Portanto, o câncer de pênis é uma doença de grande relevância para a saúde pública, uma vez que há um crescimento vertiginoso dos casos, que podem ser minimizados através de campanha de conscientização masculina. Palavras-chave: Câncer de Pênis. Epidemiologia. Estratégias de Prevenção
This paper proposes a phase definition, named the vector field phase, which can be defined for systems with arbitrary finite dimension and is a monotonically increasing function of time. The proposed definition can properly quantify the dynamics in the flow direction, often associated with the null Lyapunov exponent. Numerical examples that use benchmark periodic and chaotic oscillators are discussed to illustrate some of the main features of the definition, which are that (i) phase information can be obtained either from the vector field or from a time series, (ii) it permits not only detection of phase synchronization but also quantification of it, and (iii) it can be used in the phase synchronization of very different oscillators.
Time-series analysis is fundamental for modeling and predicting dynamical behaviors from timeordered data, with applications in many disciplines such as physics, biology, finance, and engineering. Measured time-series data, however, are often low dimensional or even univariate, thus requiring embedding methods to reconstruct the original system's state space. The observability of a system establishes fundamental conditions under which such reconstruction is possible. However, complete observability is too restrictive in applications where reconstructing the entire state space is not necessary and only a specific subspace is relevant. Here, we establish the theoretic condition to reconstruct a nonlinear functional of state variables from measurement processes, generalizing the concept of functional observability to nonlinear systems. When the functional observability condition holds, we show how to construct a map from the embedding space to the desired functional of state variables, characterizing the quality of such reconstruction. The theoretical results are then illustrated numerically using chaotic systems with contrasting observability properties. By exploring the presence of functionally unobservable regions in embedded attractors, we also apply our theory for the early warning of seizure-like events in simulated and empirical data. The studies demonstrate that the proposed functional observability condition can be assessed a priori to guide time-series analysis and experimental design for the dynamical characterization of complex systems.
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