Background Limited epidemiological data are available on the outcomes of in‐hospital cardiac arrest (CA) in COVID‐19 patients. Methods We performed literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Ovid to identify research articles that studied outcomes of in‐hospital cardiac arrest in COVID‐19 patients. The primary outcome was survival at discharge. Secondary outcomes included return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and types of cardiac arrest. Pooled percentages with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for the prevalence of outcomes. Results A total of 7,891 COVID patients were included in the study. There were 621 (pooled prevalence 8%, 95% CI 4–13%) cardiac arrest patients. There were 52 (pooled prevalence 3.0%; 95% CI 0.0–10.0%) patients that survived at the time of discharge. ROSC was achieved in 202 (pooled prevalence 39%;95% CI 21.0–59.0%) patients. Mean time to ROSC was 7.74 (95% CI 7.51–7.98) min. The commonest rhythm at the time of cardiac arrest was pulseless electrical activity (pooled prevalence 46%; 95% 13–80%), followed by asystole (pooled prevalence 40%; 95% CI 6–80%). Unstable ventricular arrhythmia occurred in a minority of patients (pooled prevalence 8%; 95% CI 4–13%). Conclusion This pooled analysis of studies showed that the survival post in‐hospital cardiac arrest in COVID patients is dismal despite adequate ROSC obtained at the time of resuscitation. Nonshockable rhythm cardiac arrest is commoner suggesting a non‐cardiac cause while cardiac related etiology is uncommon. Future studies are needed to improve the survival in these patients.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are epithelial neoplasms with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation and the ability to synthesize and secrete variable hormones and monoamines. They are relatively rare, accounting for 2% of all malignancy cases in the United States. The most common system affected by NETs is the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical presentation depends on the organ being involved and the hormone being secreted. It can be variable from asymptomatic incidental findings on imaging to intestinal obstruction, or carcinoid syndrome (CS). Several biochemical testings are developed to help with the diagnosis of NETs including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and chromogranin A (CgA). Computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most commonly used modalities to localize the primary tumor and evaluate for metastasis. However, radionuclide imaging using somatostatin receptor-based imaging techniques has improved accuracy to detect smaller neoplasm. Surgical removal is the mainstay of treatment for locoregional tumors. Several medical managements are available for non-respectable NETs which include SSAs, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), and platinum-based chemotherapy agents.

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