Since the second half of the 20th century and especially in territories where the train had been dependent on industrial development, there are many kilometres of disused railway lines setting a railway heritage of great interest. Nevertheless, the passage of time and the lack of use have led to many heritage elements being in danger of disappearing, if not having already disappeared. Furthermore, most of the actions for their protection, restoration or putting in value carried out until today, have focused on component item/element, instead of understanding the line as a territorial system, formed not only by the nodes but also by the connecting threads. This paper aims to analyze and characterize the disused railway heritage as a complex system, focusing on the methodology and tools. The way to address the issue attempts to avoid the decomposition of the system and favour the maintenance of the structuring nature that railway lines originally had in each territory, which is precisely one of the most important features to put them in value in the new territorial view of the 21th century. The paper develops the application of this methodology on a case study in southwest Europe: disused railway lines in the Basque-Navarre territory.
Bearing in mind that dwellings generate a high environmental impact, the aim of this research is to improve their energy efficiency. The incorporation of an insulating layer in the extrados of the building envelope is the most effective way of reducing the transmittance of a facade, eliminating thermal bridges, and optimizing its energy consumption. There is no doubt about the effectiveness of this solution in terms of thermal protection. However, this process collides with the preservation of the original composition of buildings with ornate facades. This article presents a protocol for the rehabilitation of ornate facades of historic buildings through the application of an insulating layer on the outside of the walls. The protocol shows that advanced techniques applied with an integrated approach permit compatibility between energy rehabilitation and the preservation of the original value. In addition to applying strategies of a high technological level, the protocol proposes a reflection upon a balanced intervention on ornamental elements, as well as the relationship between the degree of energy improvement of an ornate facade, and the degree of preservation of the original composition. A methodology is established that combines different avant-guard techniques and systems. These include capturing reality in 3D, the Building Information Model (BIM), monitoring, advanced manufacturing, and active and passive solution simulations.
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