Genetic progress for yield has been assessed giobally in the semi-arid wheat yieid trials (SAWYTs) of the International Maize and Wheat improvement Center (CIIVIMYT) over a 17-yr period. Grain yieid expressed as a percentage of the long-term check cultivar Dharwar Dry has increased at approximateiy 1% yr'' between 1994 and 2010. In real terms, yieid has been increased at a rate of 31 kg ha^^ yr''. The rate of yield increase in high-yielding environments was twice that of iow-yielding environments. The average yieid of low-yieiding sites are significantiy correiated with the average yield of high-yielding sites (p < 0.001), and many of the highest-yielding lines of the various SAWYT performed weii at both low-and high-yielding sites. The key parents Attila and Pastor were consistently high yieiding in several of the eariy SAWYT. In later trials their derivatives were aiso high yielding. The line Vorobey, developed by crossing Pastor with a synthetic derivative, showed outstanding yield in SAWYT 11 and 12. The performance of CIMMYT lines compared to local check cultivars was relatively stable over time. A success rate was caicuiated as the ratio of the number of sites where a given line is superior to the local check divided by the totai number of sites. On average, the success rate of the 10% best lines was 61% in iow-yielding sites and 62% in high-yielding sites.
The understanding of ecophysiological basis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield potential provides a useful framework to complement conventional breeding aimed at achieving genetic gains. This study analyzed the ecophysiological performance of an elite wheat mapping population (105 double-haploid lines derived from two modern cultivars, Bacanora and Weebil, with similar phenology but different and stable combinations of grain number per area unit (GN) and grain weight (GW) resulting in high grain yield) grown in four contrasting high-yielding environments, to determine the most successful strategies to increase grain yield potential. Main effect of environment on grain yield was significant (p < 0.0001) but the genotypic component was larger than genotype × environment interaction (30%). A robust and positive relationship between grain yield and biomass production was observed across all environments (r 2 > 0.82, p < 0.0001), and relatively high harvest indexes were expressed (0.39-0.51). While GN was clearly the dominant numerical component in terms of association with grain yield (r 2 > 0.51, p < 0.0001), a wide range in both components (i.e., GN and GW) was observed across all environments. This population represents a valuable resource for prebreeding studies, as the transgressive segregation in physiological and numerical yield components in combination with favorable expression of all agronomic traits could allow a fine phenotyping and mapping to identify key traits and quantitative trait loci linked with grain yield.
Abbreviations CA = correspondence analysis; CS = cool season; HS = halophyte steppe; MP = mesophyte prairie; MRPP = multi-response permutation procedure; WS = warm season.
RESUMENEl trips de las flores Frankliniella occidentalis (P.) es, sin dudas, uno de los insectos del orden Thysanoptera de mayor peligrosidad en el mundo, ya que produce importantes pérdidas económicas. Esto se debe a su periódica aparición y al daño que ocasiona, tanto por la extracción de savia como por la transmisión de enfermedades virósicas, principalmente en cultivos hortícolas y plantas ornamentales tales como rosa, gerbera y clavel. El monitoreo con trampas adhesivas de color proveen un método simple para estimar la densidad poblacional del trips con poco esfuerzo. Las mismas pueden medir poblaciones de la plaga más fácilmente que los métodos absolutos de monitoreo con uso intensivo de mano de obra, ya que continúan capturando en el tiempo mayor cantidad de trips. La efectividad del uso de trampas adhesivas de color como herramienta para monitoreo de trips ha sido evaluada en invernáculos estando condicionado al atractivo de las trampas y a las tasas de captura de trips según la especie. Al observarse un importante daño de trips, predominantemente en las flores en un cultivo de Gerbera jamesonii ubicado en un invernáculo de producción de flores de corte de la EEA INTA Concordia, provincia de Entre Ríos (Argentina), se inició el presente trabajo cuyo objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de trampas de luz adhesivas de dos coloraciones (amarillas y azules, ambas seleccionadas por su reconocida atracción a diferentes especies de trips y con diferentes intensidades de luz (25 y 40 watts) sobre la captura de trips de las flores. La unidad muestral fue la trampa de luz, mientras que los tratamientos fueron: color de la trampa de luz (amarilla y azul), a dos intensidades distintas (25 y 40 watts), siendo por cada tratamiento un total de cuatro repeticiones. Las trampas de luz adhesivas fueron dispuestas en los canteros de Gerbera jamesonii, a razón de cuatro por cantero a los lados de los mismos, a la altura media de las flores de corte. La disposición de las trampas de cada tratamiento en la parcela experimental fue al azar. Las lámparas eran encendidas al atardecer y apagadas por la mañana, momento en que se llevaban al laboratorio con el fin de contabilizar el número de trips adultos capturados. Las trampas de luz amarillas de ambas intensidades (25 y 40 watts) resultaron ser significativamente más atractivas para la captura de adultos de F. occidentalis en comparación con las de color (azul) e igual intensidad. Por otra parte, las trampas de luz adhesivas indistintamente de su color, tanto amarillo como azul, resultaron ser significativamente más eficientes en la captura del trips F. occidentalis cuando las lámparas poseían una intensidad de 40 watts. Palabras clave: Frankliniella occidentalis, trips, trampas de luz, Gerbera jamesonii. ABSTRACT Flower thrips
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