Electrochemical sensors consisting of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are recurrent devices in the recent literature for applications in different fields of interest and contribute to the expanding electroanalytical chemistry field. This is due to inherent characteristics that can be better (or only) achieved with the use of SPEs, including miniaturization, cost reduction, lower sample consumption, compatibility with portable equipment, and disposability. SPEs are also quite versatile; they can be manufactured using different formulations of conductive inks and substrates, and are of varied designs. Naturally, the analytical performance of SPEs is directly affected by the quality of the material used for printing and modifying the electrodes. In this sense, the most varied carbon nanomaterials have been explored for the preparation and modification of SPEs, providing devices with an enhanced electrochemical response and greater sensitivity, in addition to functionalized surfaces that can immobilize biological agents for the manufacture of biosensors. Considering the relevance and timeliness of the topic, this review aimed to provide an overview of the current scenario of the use of carbonaceous nanomaterials in the context of making electrochemical SPE sensors, from which different approaches will be presented, exploring materials traditionally investigated in electrochemistry, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and those more recently investigated for this (carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and biochar). Perspectives on the use and expansion of these devices are also considered.
O despejo inadequado de efluentes em lagos e rios, associado ao incremento da matéria orgânica dissolvida, tem sido apontado como uma das principais causas do aumento da concentração de íons ferro e manganês presentes na água. Neste trabalho, estudou-se o uso de peróxido de hidrogênio como agente oxidante, em pH próximo ao neutro, na tentativa de remover os íons na forma de precipitados. Foram realizados ensaios em testes de jarros em diferentes concentrações do oxidante, entre valores de 0.63 a 3.8ppm, associado a uma dosagem de 20ppm de PAC, coagulante usualmente utilizados em Estações de Tratamento de Água. Nestas condições, observou-se a remoção de 90% de íons ferro e 36% de íons manganês, sendo que o consumo de peroxido foi de até 40%. Não foi observado efeito significativo sobre os resultados para as diferentes dosagens de oxidante.
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