No conclusions can be made about the effectiveness, safety, acceptability and costs of vas occlusion technique or vas irrigation as studies that examined these were of low quality and underpowered. Fascial interposition is associated with improved vasectomy success but is associated with some increased surgical difficulty. Randomized controlled trials examining other vasectomy techniques were not available. More research is required to examine vasectomy techniques.
The no-scalpel approach to the vas resulted in less bleeding, hematoma, infection, and pain as well as a shorter operation time than the traditional incision technique. Although no difference in effectiveness was found between the two approaches, the sample sizes might have been too small to detect actual differences. Additional well-conducted randomized trials would help answer this question.
The effects of repeated anthelmintic treatment with levamisole on body weight gain of grazing calves on the Atherton Tablelands are reported. On six farms, calves treated up to 10 times at 3-week intervals with 1.9 mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg levamisole injected subcutaneously gained up to 37 and 59 kg more than untreated calves grazing the same pasture. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) were found in cumulative weight gains of calves given high doses of levamisole from 18 weeks and at low dosage from 24 weeks compared with untreated controls. The helminths mainly responsible for the reduced weight gain were Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum vadiatum and Coopevia species (C. pectinata and C. punctata). Seasonal incidence of nematode egg counts showed an increase in the proportion of H. placei eggs following wet and warm conditions, and O. vadiatum eggs following wet and cool conditions. Untreated calves developed natural resistance to helminth infection as measured by reduced faecal nematode egg counts after 6 months of natural challenge. One-quarter recommended dose of levamisole at 3-week intervals resulted in approximately half the weight gain advantage produced by full dose treatment except in the drier areas of the Tableland, where a higher advantage was recorded at this level.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.