Phenology of tree species in an urban forest fragment in São Paulo, SPThe phenology of six tree species was studied from October 1993 to October 1996, in a forest fragment (10 ha) located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo City (aproximately 46 o 43'W and 23 o 33'S; 750 m of mean altitude). Individuals of Alchornea sidifolia, Cecropia glaziouii, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia ecalyculata, Croton floribundus and Cupania oblongifolia were observed about the time of occurrence of flowering, fruiting, leaf fall, and flushing. Descriptive circular analysis was carried out for the time of occurrence, as well as multiple correlation coeficients were determined in order to investigate the relationship between temperature and rainfall and phenological events. The strongest relationship was found between the fruiting season and climate for C. ecalyculata, followed by C. floribundus. The factors related to the time of occurrence, duration, periodicity and sincrony of the phenological events are discussed.Key words: phenology, tree species, forest fragment, Southeastern Brazil. RESUMOA fenologia de 6 espécies arbóreas foi estudada de outubro de 1993 a outubro de 1996, em um fragmento de floresta (10 ha) na região metropolitana de São Paulo (aproximadamente 46 o 43'W e 23 o 33'S; 750 m de altitude média). Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Alchornea sidifolia, Cecropia glaziouii, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia ecalyculata, Croton floribundus e Cupania oblongifolia, e observado o período de ocorrência das fenofases: floração, frutificação, queda e brotamento de folhas. Foi realizada a análise descritiva circular da época de ocorrência das fenofases e determinados os coeficientes de correlação múltipla entre a precipitação, a temperatura e as fenofases, para investigar a influência destes fatores do clima na fenologia das espécies. A relação mais forte foi encontrada entre a frutificação e o clima em C. ecalyculata, seguida por C. floribundus. São discutidos os fatores relacionados com a época de ocorrência, duração, periodicidade e sincronia dos eventos fenológicos.Palavras-chave: fenologia, espécies arbóreas, fragmento florestal, Sudeste do Brasil.
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) is an enzyme belonging to the apyrase family that participates in the hydrolysis of the nucleosides di- and triphosphate to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphate. This enzyme underlies the virulence of parasites such as Leishmania. Recently, an NTPDase from Leishmania infantum (LicNTPDase-2) was cloned and expressed and has been considered as a new drug target for the treatment of leishmaniasis. With the intent of developing label-free online screening methodologies, LicNTPDase-2 was covalently immobilized onto a fused silica capillary tube in the present study to create an immobilized capillary enzyme reactor (ICER) based on LicNTPDase-2 (LicNTPDase-2-ICER). To perform the activity assays, a multidimensional chromatographic method was developed employing the LicNTPDase-2-ICER in the first dimension, and an analytical Ascentis C8 column was used in the second dimension to provide analytical separation of the substrates and products. The validated LicNTPDase-2-ICER method provided the following kinetic parameters of the immobilized enzyme: KM of 2.2 and 1.8mmolL(-1) for the ADP and ATP substrates, respectively. Suramin (1mmolL(-1)) was also shown to inhibit 32.9% of the enzymatic activity. The developed method is applicable to kinetic studies and enables the recognition of the ligands. Furthermore, a comparison of the values of LicNTPDase-2-ICER with those obtained with an LC method using free enzyme in solution showed that LicNTPDase-2-ICER-LC/UV was an accurate and reproducible method that enabled automated measurements for the rapid screening of ligands.
Delineou-se compreender a avaliação e aceitação de modelos didáticos de flor e folha confeccionados em etileno-vinila-acetato (EVA), por atuais e futuros professores do ensino básico. Foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado como instrumento de coleta de dados, que foram analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os modelos foram positivamente avaliados por todos os 43 sujeitos e estes foram unanimes em afirmar que irão utiliza-los. As principais categorias que emergiram das respostas foram “melhoria e facilitação do ensino-aprendizagem”, e “caráter diferente, criativo, lúdico e real dos modelos”. Conclui-se com respaldo da literatura e dos sujeitos que a aceitação dos modelos foi devido ao caráter pedagógico-científico-artístico e por isso são ferramentas que contribuem para uma aprendizagem prazerosa, autônoma e significativa.
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