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Electromagnetic radiation, which is used by broadcasting and mobile telephone systems to transmit information, permeates the city environment. In order to properly evaluate population exposure to electromagnetic fields, knowledge of their intensity and spectral components is necessary. In this study the results of radiofrequency field monitoring carried out in Torino, a large town located in the north-west of Italy are shown: the variation of the electromagnetic field strength is evaluated as a function of the height from the ground, the location in the urban area and the frequency. separating the contributions of the different sources (broadcasting antennas and radio base stations for mobile phones). Furthermore, the contribution of the radio base stations is theoretically evaluated, adding the emissions off all installations situated in Torino and examining the field strength maps calculated, considering the orography, for different heights. The theoretical values are also compared with those measured in the frequency range of mobile telephony emissions.

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This letter describes results obtained from an experimental evaluation of field probes used to assess digitally modulated electromagnetic fields. Making use of an experimental setup specifically developed, a large number of devices with different characteristics were analyzed in the presence of three different spread-spectrum schemes: wideband code division multiple access [(W)CDMA], direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The measurement error caused by the modulation was investigated as a function of its main parameters: signal power, time variation, and occupied bandwidth.Index Terms-Digital measurements, electric field measurement, electromagnetic field monitoring, electromagnetic measurements, probe antennas.

After a brief description of the reference systems for the calibration of the electromagnetic field meters set up at IEN and the Ivrea Department of ARPA, the procedures for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty are discussed, with reference to the problem of identifying and quantifying the different uncertainty components. which are due both to the field meter characteristics and to the measurement procedure and conditions. The problem of how to compare a measurement result, which consists of the measurement value and its associated uncertainty, with a limit fixed by the standards is also faced.