The feasibility of no-tillage in the Cerrado (Savanna-like vegetation of Brazil) depends on the production of sufficient above-ground crop residue, which can be increased by corn-forage intercropping. This study evaluated how above-ground crop residue production and yields of soybean and late-season corn in a soybean-corn rotation were influenced by the following crops in the year before soybean: corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped with Brachiaria (Urochloa) brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. ruziziensis, cv. comum., Panicummaximum cv. Tanzânia, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]; sole corn, forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (cv. Santa Elisa)], and ruzi grass. In March 2005, corn and forage species were planted in alternate rows spaced 0.90 m apart, and sole forage species were planted in rows spaced 0.45 m apart. In October 2005, the forages were killed with glyphosate and soybean was planted. After the soybean harvest in March 2006, sole late-season corn was planted in the entire experimental area. Corn grain and stover yields were unaffected by intercropping. Above-ground crop residue was greater when corn was intercropped with Tanzania grass (10.7 Mg ha-1), Marandu (10.1 Mg ha-1), and Ruzi Grass (9.8 Mg ha-1) than when corn was not intercropped (4.0 Mg ha-1). The intercropped treatments increased the percentage of soil surface covered with crop residue. Soybean and corn grain yields were higher after sole ruzi grass and intercropped ruzi grass than after other crops. The intercropping corn with Brachiaria spp. and corn with Panicum spp. increases above-ground crop residue production and maintains nutrients in the soil without reducing late-season corn yield and the viability of no-till in the midwestern region of Brazil.
Sufficiency range for nutrient concentration in cotton and soybean leaves, defined through DRIS indexesNutritional status diagnosis of cotton and soybean crops through critical level methods is based on sufficiency ranges established many years ago, with little advances since then. However, as nutrient contents in leaves are influenced by sample type and crop yield potential among other factors, it is important to establish regional reference values. The aim of this study was to establish optimum nutrient concentrations in cotton and soybean leaves by adjusting a regression model to nutrient concentration based on DRIS indexes. Database consisted of yield and nutrient content in leaf samples collected in commercial cotton and soybean crops and soybean experimental plots in A diagnose dos estados nutricionais do algodoeiro e da soja, pelo método de níveis críticos, tem-se embasado em faixas de suficiência estabelecidas há muitos anos, com pequenas adequações no período. Contudo, considerando-se que os teores foliares podem variar, dentre outros fatores, em função do tipo de amostra coletada e do potencial produtivo da cultura, torna-se importante a definição de valores de referência regionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer os teores adequados de nutrientes para algodoeiro e soja, por meio do ajuste de modelos de regressão para o teor foliar em função do índice de equilíbrio nutricional definido pelo Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS). Utilizou-se um banco de dados, constituído das produtividades e dos teores de nutrientes em amostras foliares de ambas as espécies, coletadas em talhões de lavouras comerciais e em parcelas experimentais, em Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso. Foram obtidas faixas de suficiência para as folhas índice de algodoeiro (quinta folha totalmente formada, a partir do ápice) e de soja (terceiro trifólio sem e com pecíolo), com amplitude menor do que aquela estabelecida na literatura para estas culturas. Especificamente, para a soja, confirmou-se a existência de diferenças nos valores de referência em função do tipo de folha índice amostrado. Amostras de folha índice sem pecíolo produzem teores significativamente maiores de N, P, B, Fe, Mn e Zn e menores de K, em relação aos das amostras com pecíolo. A desconsideração do modo de amostragem pode induzir a falsos diagnósticos de deficiências ou excessos nutricionais.Palavras-chave: análise foliar, sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação, folha índice, Glycine max, Gossypium hirsutum.
-This study aimed to evaluate the level of infestation by weed species in a consolidated Jatropha plantation, as a function of the plant species grown in interrows. The experiment was installed in 2006 at the district of Itahum, city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, made possible through a partnership between Embrapa Western Agriculture and Paraiso Farm. Treatments consisted of (1) Jatropha in monocrop, with no plant at the interrrows; or the following plants cultivaded at the interrows of Jatropha: (2) Stylosanthes spp.; (3) Brachiaria ruziziensis; (4) Brachiaria ruziziensis + Stylosanthess pp.; (5) Brachiaria humidicola; (6) Panicum maximum cv. massai; (7) Cajanus cajan cv. anão; (8) Crotalaria spectabilis; (9) Crop rotation system 1 -(maize second crop -Crambe abyssinica -soybeanpeanut); and (10) Crop rotation system 2 -(cowpea -radish -maize -cowpea) conducted for two years. Phytosociological characterization of weed species was accomplished in 2011 based on the Ecological Approach. Estimations of relative abundance, frequency, dominance and Importance Value Index were obtained. Areas were also characterized by the diversity coefficients of Simpson and modified Shannon-Weiner, and then grouped by cluster analysis. Areas with low soil coverage resulted in higher infestation levels; crop rotation in the interrows of Jatropha produced a significant reduction in weed infestation, but the lowest infestation levels were observed when grasses were grown intercropped with Jatropha. Lower diversity coefficients were associated with occurrence of the most troublesome weed species. In the first years after planting Jatropha, species of Brachiaria or a crop rotation involving species with high mulching ability and whose biomass exhibit a high C:N ratio, should be established in the interrows to avoid problems with weeds infestation.Keywords: Jatropha crop, infestation, phytosociology. Palavras-chave: pinhão-manso, infestação, fitossociologia. RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o nível de infestação por plantas daninhas em uma plantação consolidada de pinhão-manso em função da espécie cultivada nas entrelinhas da cultura. O experimento foi instalado em 2006 no distrito de Itahum, cidade de Dourados, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, tendo sido viabilizado por uma parceria entre a Fazenda Paraíso e a Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste. Os tratamentos consistiram do cultivo solteiro (1) ou das seguintes espécies cultivadas nas entrelinhas da cultura: (2) Stylosanthes spp.; (3) Brachiaria ruziziensis; (4)Brachiaria
-In the Western Region of Brazil, it is usual to have two agricultural harvests in the same cropping season. Usually the first crop is soybean, followed by corn. In areas where corn is not planted due to a delayed harvest of soybean, farmers generally do not use winter crops. For these areas, the planting of winter oilseed crops aiming at the production of biofuels is one of the best alternatives; in addition, this would help in reducing the occurrence of weed species at the following summer crop. This study aimed to assessing the weed community in distinct winter crops post soybean crop, in terms of species composition, level of infestation and severity of occurrence. The following treatments were evaluated: agriculture under a no-till system with winter fallow, winter oilseed crops (crambe, radish, rapeseed) with no-till agriculture in the summer, and agriculture under a conventional tillage system with winter fallow. Phytosociological evaluations of all treatments were carried out 75 DAE of the oilseed crops, and the diversity indexes of Margalef, Menhinick, Simpson, and ShannonWeiner were determined. Areas were also grouped by cluster analysis based on UPGMA applied at Jaccard's similarity matrix. Among the treatments with winter coverage, radish was the most efficient crop in suppressing the occurrence of weed species. The area with conventional tillage agriculture and winter fallow allowed for a higher occurrence of troublesome weeds. On the other hand, the area under fallow showed the highest absolute level of infestation. Overall, oilseed crops in the winter contribute to lower levels of infestation by weed species in these areas. Keywords
Sustainable production systems, such as the no-tillage system (NTS), have a tendency to increase organic carbon in the soil. However, in Brazilian cotton production, the conventional tillage system (CTS) is predominant, and long-term studies on cotton crop under the NTS are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management and crop rotation systems on the cotton fiber yield as well as on the carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the soil. This study was conducted in the Brazilian savanna over 9 years and consisted of the following four treatments with different soil management systems: the NTS and CTS with the succession or rotation of crops (cotton, soybean, maize, and Urochloa ruziziensis). The NTS increased the carbon content by 55% in the top 5 cm after 9 years and increased the carbon stock by approximately 20% at a depth of up to 40 cm. Crop rotation with soybean, maize, and cotton was insufficient to increase the carbon stock in the soil under the CTS. In addition to increasing the fiber yield, the cotton crop in a NTS rotated with soybean + U. ruziziensis and with maize + U. ruziziensis increases the carbon stock and nitrogen content in soil.
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