We evaluated the concordance between visceral fat area (VFA) estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or computed tomography (CT) in Korean subjects with a wide range in age and body mass index (BMI). In 1006 individuals (mean age 55.2 ± 11.8 (19–87) years, mean BMI 26.0 ± 3.5 (17–46) kg/m2, 48.9% men), VFA quantified by CT was compared with VFA using multifrequency BIA machines within 15 days. Concordance rates were compared by age or BMI using correlation analysis, Bland-Altman plots, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Using BIA data, we established a regression formula to reflect CT-VFA. The mean VFAs by CT and BIA were 131.9 ± 57.3 cm2 and 110.5 ± 33.9 cm2, respectively (r = 0.605, p < 0.001). The mean difference was 21.4 ± 45.6 cm2, tending to increase with BMI. In women with BMI <25 kg/m2 or age <50 years, the VFAs by BIA were similar to those by CT (ICC = 0.496 in BMI <25 kg/m2 and ICC = 0.638 in age <50 years). However, the difference was greater in men with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 or age ≥50 years. Applying our formula, the difference between estimations decreased to 0.2 ± 38.2cm2. VFA estimated by BIA correlated well with that by CT, but a more accurate formula is needed to match CT data, particularly in older men or subjects with a high BMI.
Objective: Unilateral adrenalectomy is the first-line treatment for aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA). Hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy because of contralateral zona glomerulosa insufficiency has been reported. We investigated clinical risk factors to predict postoperative hyperkalemia in patients with APA undergoing adrenalectomy. Design and methods: This study was conducted by retrospectively reviewing medical records from 2000 to 2012 at Seoul National University Hospital and two other tertiary centers. Data from 124 patients who underwent adrenalectomy were included. Hyperkalemia was defined as serum potassium O5.5 mmol/l. Clinical preoperative risk factors included age, blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), serum potassium, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the mass size on pathology, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist use. Results: Out of 124 patients, 13 (10.5%) developed postoperative hyperkalemia. The incidences of transient and persistent hyperkalemia were 3.2 and 7.3% respectively. Preoperative PRA and PAC were not significantly different in postoperative hyperkalemic patients compared with normokalemic patients. Patients with persistent hyperkalemia were older, had a longer duration of hypertension, larger mass size on pathology, and lower GFR (all P!0.05). The incidence of postoperative hyperkalemia was not different between MR antagonist users and non-users. Conclusion: Older age (R53 years), longer duration of hypertension (R9.5 years), larger mass size on pathology (R1.95 cm), and impaired preoperative renal function (GFR !58.2 ml/min) were associated with prolonged postoperative hyperkalemia in patients with APA. MR antagonist use did not prevent postoperative hyperkalemia.
We advocate that no follow-up imaging is required if the detected adrenal mass is <4 cm and has clear benign features. However, prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm the appropriate follow-up strategies.
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