In the present work, the corrosion inhibition properties of three amino acid compounds, glycine (Gly), 2,2′-azanediyldiacetic acid (IDA), 5-aminopentanoic acid (5-APA), and two triazine (Tris) derivatives containing Gly or IDA units were investigated. It was found that the amino acids and their triazine derivatives behaved like mixed-type corrosion inhibitors that reduced oxidative dissolution and retarded a hydrogen emission reaction. In the case of the three amino acids, it was found that the increase in the length and the number carboxylic acid groups of the molecules enhanced the corrosion inhibition properties. It was also observed that the presence of triazine ring enhanced the corrosion inhibition properties significantly. It was suggested that the adsorption of triazine derivatives on a metal surface was the Langmuir isotherm adsorption and mainly physisorption. In the case of Tris-IDA, the six acetic acid moieties emanating from the triazine ring led to partial negative charges on the outer layer and disrupted the physisorption and chemisorption of Tris-IDA on the metal surface. In addition, two acetic acid moieties per IDA caused steric hindrance when Tris-IDA adsorbed onto the metal surface. These results made the corrosion inhibition properties of Tris-IDA lower than those of Tris-Gly.

The blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is reported to be a prognostic marker in several cancers. However, the prognostic role of NLR in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma on chemotherapy is unknown. A total of 221 patients with pathologically confirmed locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma receiving first-line palliative chemotherapy were enrolled. Associations between baseline clinical and laboratory variables including NLR and survival were investigated. Patients were classified into two groups according to the NLR level (≤ 5 vs. >5). Median overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP) in patients with NLR ≤ 5 were 10.9 and 6.7 months, respectively, and 6.8 and 4.1 months in patients with NLR > 5 (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, respectively). In multivariate analysis, number of cycles of chemotherapy was a significant predictor of longer OS (HR 0.86, P < 0.001), whereas adverse prognostic factors for OS were CA 19-9 > 300 (HR 1.43, P = 0.025), CEA > 5 (HR 1.44, P = 0.029), higher stage (HR 1.69, P = 0.004), and NLR > 5 (HR 1.87, P < 0.001). NLR > 5 was also associated with reduced TTP (HR 1.66, P = 0.007). Among 50 patients with initial NLR > 5, 33 patients had NLR ≤ 5 after two cycles of chemotherapy and they had significantly better survival than the others (HR 0.48, P = 0.015). NLR independently predicts survival in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma undergoing chemotherapy. Considering cost-effectiveness and easy availability, NLR may be a useful biomarker for prognosis prediction.

Vegetable oils are a major source of many base chemicals. Unfortunately, most vegetable oils exhibit lower thermal and oxidation stability because of double bonds and even worse low-temperature behaviors. These physical and chemical properties can be improved by various chemical modifications. The catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil (SBO) over 25% Ni/SiO 2 and 5% Pt/C is one of them, and the epoxidation of soybean oil and reduced soybean oil (RSBO) was carried out by using 30% of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid, and/ or acidic Amberlyst 15 resin catalyst. Various alcohols and amines were added to the epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) in the hope of improving lubricant properties. The reaction products were carefully analyzed by means of 1 H-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopies and GC-MS spectrometry. This paper covers the epoxidation of virgin and RSBOs, alcoholysis and amidation of ESBO and SBO. Finally, the structures of cross linked products synthesized from ESBO and SBO with 1,6-hexamethylendiamine were proposed.