The electromagnetic field incident on the thin-film layers in a solid immersion lens (SIL) system is decomposed into contributions from homogeneous and inhomogeneous waves, which are commonly referred to as propagating and evanescent waves, respectively. The homogeneous and the inhomogeneous parts have different properties with respect to the field distribution in the gap and inside the recording layers. The homogeneous part is shown to diffract like a focused wave with a numerical aperture of 1, and the inhomogeneous part decays exponentially away from the bottom of the SIL. Two examples are discussed in detail, and the concept of a vector illumination system transfer function, which includes effects of the recording layers, is introduced.
The local structures of amorphous Ge0.52Te0.48 and Pd0.01Ge0.17Sb0.26Te0.56 were examined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure. In amorphous GeTe film, only Ge atoms were observed in the nearest-neighbor of Te atoms. The average coordination number around Te atoms in amorphous GeTe is 1.5 which is close to twofold coordination. These results support a chemically ordered structure model. In amorphous PdGeSbTe film, Ge and Sb (and/or Te) atoms were observed in the nearest-neighbor of Te atoms at distances of 2.61 and 2.84 Å, respectively. Debye–Waller factors of the Te–Ge bonds in TeGe and PdGeSbTe are 0.076 and 0.081 Å, respectively, and are larger than that of Te-(Sb and/or Te); 0.063 Å. From these results, we argue that the softened Te–Ge bond plays an important role in the elementary process of crystallization of GeTe and PdGeSbTe alloys. The total average coordination number of Pd atoms in amorphous PdGeSbTe alloy is 4.0. This result suggests Pd atoms play the role of cross-linking element.
Dynamic Mechanical Loading (DML) of photovoltaic modules is explored as a route to quickly fatigue copper interconnect ribbons. Results indicate that most of the interconnect ribbons may be strained through module mechanical loading to a level that will result in failure in a few hundred to thousands of cycles. Considering the speed at which DML may be applied, this translates into a few hours of testing. To evaluate the equivalence of DML to thermal cycling, parallel tests were conducted with thermal cycling.
A solid immersion lens is combined with various aperture shapes in order to improve resolution. Both metallic and dielectric apertures are investigated, and optimum shapes for each are determined. Fabrication techniques for each type of combination probe are discussed and implemented, and a simple experiment with a dielectric combination probe scanning a reflective grating demonstrates improved resolution compared to a solid immersion lens alone.
A pupil plane filtering technique is applied to data signal
detection in an optical data storage system that uses a solid
immersion lens (SIL) and a quadrilayer phase change recording
medium. Two systems that have the effective numerical aperture
(NAEFF) of 1.1 and 2.0 are investigated. A new
filter is designed for the NAEFF=2.0 system on the
basis of this study. We have confirmed by numerical calculations
that the technique improves signal contrast, which is defined by
the ratio of the difference signal to the sum signal between the
homogeneous crystalline area and the homogeneous amorphous area.
We have also confirmed that the technique makes the contrast less
sensitive to the gap width between the SIL and the recording
medium. The vectorial feature of the light is considered in the
calculations. The calculated irradiance distributions and signal
levels for the system with NAEFF =1.1 are confirmed
by experiments.
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