Abstract-Chronic heart failure (CHF) is often associated with excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. This event is thought to be a negative predictor of survival in CHF. Sympathoexcitation and central angiotensin II (Ang II) have been causally linked. Recent studies have shown that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxidant species (ROS) are important mediators of Ang II signaling. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that central Ang II activates sympathetic outflow by stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidase and ROS in the CHF state. CHF was induced in male New Zealand White rabbits by chronic ventricular tachycardia. Using radio telemetry of arterial pressure and intracerebroventricular infusions, experiments were performed in the conscious state. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was recorded as a direct measure of sympathetic outflow. Intracerebroventricular Ang II significantly increased RSNA in sham (131.5Ϯ13.3% of control) and CHF (193.6Ϯ11.9% of control) rabbits. The increase in CHF rabbits was significantly greater than in sham rabbits (PϽ0.01). These responses were abolished by intracerebroventricular losartan, tempol, or apocynin. Resting RSNA was significantly reduced by intracerebroventricular losartan, tempol, or apocynin in CHF rabbits but not in sham rabbits. Intracerebroventricular administration of the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid increased RSNA significantly more in sham compared with CHF rabbits. NADPHdependent superoxide anion production in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was increased by 2.9-fold in CHF rabbits compared with sham rabbits. Finally, increases in the RVLM mRNA and protein expression of Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor and subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase (p40 phox , p47 phox , and gp91 phox ) were demonstrated in CHF rabbits. These data demonstrate intense radical stress in autonomic areas of the brain in experimental CHF and provide evidence for a tight relationship between Ang II and ROS as contributors to sympathoexcitation in CHF. Key Words: free radicals Ⅲ angiotensin receptors Ⅲ RVLM Ⅲ ventricular pacing I t is now well accepted that neural and humoral excitation are two of the primary and most reproducible sequelae of the chronic heart failure (CHF) syndrome. 1 Excessive sympathetic activation not only exacerbates the heart failure state but also is prognostic of death and complications. 2 A variety of humoral substances have been shown to be elevated in the CHF state, 1,3 of which angiotensin II (Ang II) has been considered a prime candidate for a substance that modulates sympathetic outflow because it has been known for some time that Ang II can alter sympathetic function at several sites from the central nervous system to the periphery. 4 Indeed, many of the current therapeutic targets in the treatment of CHF relate to reducing Ang II generation or blocking the effects of Ang II at its receptor sites. Despite its importance in central regulation of sympathetic outflow and cardiovascular homeostasis in the CHF state, the pre...

The enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) contributes to the exaggerated sympatho-excitation in chronic heart failure (CHF). Increased sympatho-excitation is positively related to mortality in CHF patients. However, the potential beneficial effects of chronic CSAR deletion on cardiac and autonomic function in CHF have not been previously explored. Here we determined the effects of chronic CSAR deletion on cardiac remodeling and autonomic dysfunction in CHF. In order to selectively delete the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) -expressing CSAR afferents, epicardial application of resiniferatoxin (RTX, 50 μg/ml), an ultrapotent analogue of capsaicin, was performed during myocardium infarction (MI) surgery in rats. This procedure largely abolished the enhanced CSAR, prevented the exaggerated renal and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and improved baroreflex sensitivity in CHF rats. Most importantly, we found that epicardial application of RTX largely prevented the elevated LVEDP, lung edema and cardiac hypertrophy, partially reduced left ventricular dimensions in the failing heart and increased cardiac contractile reserve in response to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol in CHF rats. Molecular evidence showed that RTX attenuated cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis and reduced expression of fibrotic markers and TGF β-receptor I in CHF rats. Pressure - volume loop analysis showed that RTX reduced the end diastolic pressure volume relations in CHF rats indicating improved cardiac compliance. In summary, cardiac sympathetic afferent deletion exhibits protective effects against deleterious cardiac remodeling and autonomic dysfunction in CHF. These data suggest a potential new paradigm and therapeutic potential in the management of CHF.

Chronic heart failure is often associated with sympathoexcitation and blunted arterial baroreflex function. These phenomena have been causally linked to elevated central ANG II mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of ANG II signaling and therefore might play an essential role in these interactions. The aims of this study were to determine whether central subchronic infusion of ANG II in normal animals has effects on O2- production and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits as well as ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Twenty-four male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups and separately received a subchronic intracerebroventricular infusion of saline alone, ANG II alone, ANG II with losartan, and losartan alone for 1 wk. On day 7 of intracerebroventricular infusion, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) values were recorded, and arterial baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated while animals were in the conscious state. We found that ANG II significantly increased baseline RSNA (161.9%; P< 0.05), mRNA and protein expression of AT1 receptors (mRNA, 66.7%; P < 0.05; protein, 85.1%; P < 0.05), NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (mRNA, 120.0-200.0%; P < 0.05; protein, 90.9-197.0%; P < 0.05), and O2- production (83.2%; P < 0.05) in the RVLM. In addition, impaired baroreflex control of HR (Gain(max) reduced by 48.2%; P < 0.05) and RSNA (Gain(max) reduced by 53.6%; P < 0.05) by ANG II was completely abolished by losartan. Losartan significantly decreased baseline RSNA (-49.5%; P < 0.05) and increased baroreflex control of HR (Gain(max) increased by 64.8%; P < 0.05) and RSNA (Gain(max) increased by 67.9%; P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on mRNA and protein expression of AT1 receptor and NAD(P)H oxidase subunits and O2- production in the RVLM. These data suggest that in normal rabbits, NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS play an important role in the modulation of sympathetic activity and arterial baroreflex function by subchronic central treatment of exogenous ANG II via AT1 receptors.

Background-HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to beneficially affect outcomes in chronic heart failure (CHF). We hypothesized that statins exert effects on autonomic function, as assessed by plasma norepinephrine levels, direct recordings of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and baroreflex function. Methods and Results-Normolipidemic CHF rabbits were treated with simvastatin or vehicle. CHF was induced by continuous ventricular pacing at 320 to 340 bpm for 3 weeks. Two to 3 days after instrumentation of the rabbits with renal nerve electrodes and arterial and venous catheters, blood samples and RSNA recordings were obtained in the conscious state. Baroreflex function was assessed after administration of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Mean baseline RSNA (ϮSEM) in normal rabbits was 19.3Ϯ3.8%; in CHF rabbits, 39.4Ϯ2.9% (PϽ0.05); in CHF rabbits on low-dose (0.3 mg · kg Ϫ1 · d