Strains of Clostridium genus are used for production of various value-added products including fuels and chemicals. Development of any commercially viable production process requires a combination of both strain and fermentation process development strategies. The strain development in Clostridium sp. could be achieved by random mutagenesis, and targeted gene alteration methods. However, strain improvement in Clostridium sp. by targeted gene alteration method was challenging due to the lack of efficient tools for genome and transcriptome engineering in this organism. Recently, various synthetic biology tools have been developed to facilitate the strain engineering of solventogenic Clostridium. In this review, we consolidated the recent advancements in toolbox development for genome and transcriptome engineering in solventogenic Clostridium. Here we reviewed the genome-engineering tools employing mobile group II intron, pyrE alleles exchange, and CRISPR/Cas9 with their application for strain development of Clostridium sp. Next, transcriptome engineering tools such as untranslated region (UTR) engineering and synthetic sRNA techniques were also discussed in context of Clostridium strain engineering. Application of any of these discussed techniques will facilitate the metabolic engineering of clostridia for development of improved strains with respect to requisite functional attributes. This might lead to the development of an economically viable butanol production process with improved titer, yield and productivity.
A quaculture is a rapidly growing food sector in the world with global production reaching a peak of 179 million tonnes annually (FAO, 2020). Aquaculture sector is in constant demand and is facing the problems of feed shortage, pathogenic diseases and excessive antibiotic usage. Rapid advancements in the field of nutrition biology, aquaculture technology and the practice of sustainable aquaculture are key factors that contribute for better aquaculture practices (Santis and Jerry, 2007). Fish meal (FM) is an extensively used ingredient in aquaculture owing to its vitamin contents, balanced amino acids, growth factor, and other growth promoting properties (Tacon and Metian, 2008; Goddard et al., 2008). In terms of aquaculture sustainability, extensive use of FM as an aquatic feed has been unyielding due to the shortages in the resource for feed production which in turn increase the cost of FM. Alternative feed sources that have better nutrient profiles and available at a lesser price can be used to make ideal formulations for catering nutritional requirements (Gerile and Pirhonen, 2017; Aleström et al., 2006). Cheap protein sources derived from plant and animal by-products from agriculture, oilseed plants, fisheries, domestic animal sources can research Article Abstract | A comparative analysis on the effects of plant based (PD), animal based (AD) and probiotic based (PrD) diets on growth performance in Danio rerio was investigated. Different diets were administered as either single or combination diet (CD) containing PD, AD and PrD exhibited varying effects on growth and development. The probiotic bacteria isolated from Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus) was identified as Bacillus sp using 16s rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The isolate was characterized by evaluating its ability to survive at different pH, temperature and simulated artificial gastric environment and was further subjected to varying concentrations of salt and organic solvents. Antibiofilm activity of the isolate was evaluated against fish pathogens; Vibrio harveyi (96.1±2.7%), Escherichia coli (96.2±1.5 %,), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (95.3±3.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (96.7±2.8%). After the end of trail period, growth parameters were evaluated. Weight gain percentage was significantly higher in PrD (15.7±0.08 %) compared to other treatments. (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was least in CD (0.35±0.09) and feed efficiency (2.7±0.08) in CD was numerically high compared to other treatments. (p>0.05).The study promotes sustainable aquaculture by the use of alternative aqua feeds derived from plant or animal based sources. The study also highlights the usage of probiotics in improving growth performance, disease resistance in aquatic animals.
Plant growth promoting bacteria enhance the growth in plants by solubilizing insoluble minerals, producing phytohormones and by secreting enzymes that resist pathogen attack. The present study was aimed at identifying the potential of Lysinibacillus macroides isolated from pea plant possessing rich microbial rhizobiome diversity in promoting the growth of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L). Potential of L. macroides in the promotion of S. lycopersicum L. growth by increased shoot length, terminal leaf length and breadth was assessed. Anatomical sectioning of stem and root revealed no varied cellular pattern indicating that the supplemented bioculture is not toxic to S. lycopersicum. Plantlets treated with L. macroides along with organic compost showed an increased total phenol content (17.58±0.4 mg/g) compared to control samples (12.44±0.41 mg/g). Carbohydrate content was noticed to be around 1.3 folds higher in the L. macroides plus compost mixture supplemented slots compared to control sample. Significant increase in shoot length was evident in the L. macroides plus compost supplied slots (23.4±2.7 cm). Plant growth promoting properties might be due to the nitrogen fixing activity of the bacteria which enrich the soil composition along with the nutrients supplied by the organic compost. Rich microbial rhizobiome diversity in pea plant and the usage of L. macroides from a non-conventional source improves the diversity of the available PGPR for agricultural practices. Further research is needed to detect the mechanism of growth promotion and to explore the plant microbe interaction pathway.
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