A novel strain, designated 311-10 T , isolated from soil of Xinjiang, China, was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolate was Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The predominant menaquinone of strain 311-10 T was MK-7 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 47.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate formed a cluster with the genera Pontibacter and [Effluviibacter] in the phylum 'Bacteroidetes', with sequence similarities of 93.9-95.6 %. Phylogenetic evidence and the results of phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses support the reclassification of [Effluviibacter] roseus as Pontibacter roseus comb. nov. (type strain, SRC-1 T 5MTCC 7260 T 5DSM 17521 T ) and the establishment of a novel species, Pontibacter xinjiangensis sp. nov., with strain 311-10 T (5CCTCC AB 207200 T 5NRRL B-51335 T ) as the type strain.The genus Pontibacter, a member of the phylum 'Bacteroidetes' with menaquinone 7 (MK-7) as the main respiratory quinone, accommodates heterotrophic, aerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-negative and pink-pigmented bacteria. At the time of writing, Pontibacter species with validly published names comprise Pontibacter actiniarum, isolated from marine actinians (Nedashkovskaya et al., 2005), and Pontibacter akesuensis (Zhou et al., 2007) During the course of studying the bacterial communities associated with soil in Xinjiang, China, bacterial strain 311-10 T was isolated. The strain appeared as pinkpigmented, circular, convex, shiny colonies with a smooth surface after 48 h cultivation at 30 uC on 0.36 marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco). After primary isolation and purification, the novel strain was cultivated at 30 u C for 2 days on 0.36 MA and cellular morphology was observed by phasecontrast microscopy (Olympus). Except where indicated, the isolate was routinely grown aerobically on 0.36 MA for 2 days at 30 u C.The gliding-motility test was performed as described by Bowman (2000). Oxidase activity was evaluated via the oxidation of 1 % p-aminodimethylaniline oxalate. Catalase activity was determined by measurements of bubble production after the application of 3 % (v/v) hydrogen peroxide solution. Tests were also made for hydrolysis of starch (1 %, w/v), cellulose (0.1 %, w/v), chitin from crab shells (1 %, w/v), casein (5 %, w/v) and tyrosine (0.5 %, w/v) as described by Smibert & Krieg (1994). Tolerance of NaCl concentrations (0-6 %, w/v) was determined at 1 % NaCl increments. Growth was examined at different temperatures (4, 10, 20, 28, 30, 37 and 42 u C) and pH values (5.0-11.0 at 1.0 pH unit increments).Carbon-source oxidation was investigated by using the Biolog GN2 Microplate system as recommended by the manufacturer. Additional enzyme activities and biochemical features were determined by API kits (API 20NE, API 20E and API ZYM) according to the manufacturer's instructions (bioMérieux).Isoprenoid quinones were extracted from lyophilized cells and analysed by HPLC (UltiMate 3000; Dionex...
A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and coccoid-to short-rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain Dys-CH1 T , was isolated from the hindgut of a fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi. The optimal pH and cultivation temperature of strain Dys-CH1 T were pH 7.2-7.6 and 35-37 6C, respectively. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene showed that Dys-CH1 T shared 94.6 % and 90.9 % similarity with Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides JCM 16697 T and Dysgonomonas gadei CCUG 42882 T , respectively. Strain Dys-CH1 T was found to be different from other species of the genus Dysgonomonas with validly published names with respect to taxonomically important traits, including habitat, biochemical tests, DNA G+C content, bile resistance, fatty-acid composition and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. On the basis of these characteristics, strain Dys-CH1 T represents a novel species of the genus Dysgonomonas for which the name Dysgonomonas macrotermitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Dys-CH1 T (5JCM 19375 T 5DSM 27370 T ).The genus Dysgonomonas, a member of the family Porphyromonadaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, was established by Hofstad et al., (2000). The type species of the genus is Dysgonomonas gadei (Hofstad et al., 2000). At the time of writing, the genus Dysgonomonas includes five species with validly published names: D. gadei, D. capnocytophagoides, D. mossii, D. hofstadii and D. oryzarvi. The first four species were isolated from human clinical specimens (Hofstad et al., 2000;Lawson et al., 2002Lawson et al., , 2010 and last one, D. oryzarvi, was from a microbial fuel cell (Kodama et al., 2012). To investigate the symbiotic roles of the gut microbiota in fungus-growing termites, we isolated bacterial strains from the hindgut of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi. One strain, Dys-CH1 T , (closely related to D. capnocytophagoides JCM 16697 T , 94.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), whose 16S rRNA gene sequence was nearly identical to uncultured bacterial clone BOf7-08 from another fungus-growing termite Odontotermes formosanus, was characterized.Strain Dys-CH1 T was isolated from the hindgut homogenate samples under strictly anaerobic conditions. The sample was serially diluted with pre-reduced 0.1 mol PBS l 21 (0.145 mol NaCl l 21 , 0.15 mol sodium phosphate l 21 ; pH 7) and spread onto modified Gifu Anaerobic Medium (GAM) agar supplemented with antibiotics (norfloxacin 40 mg ml 21 , Sigma) (Nagai et al., 2010). The plates were incubated for three days at 37 u C in anaerobic jars sealed in an anaerobic glove box (Coy Laboratory Products) which contained 88 % nitrogen, 7 % hydrogen and 5 % CO 2 . Resulting colonies were picked and further purified by restreaking on new plates, then identified preliminarily by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among ten investigated colonies, seven colonies were closely related to species of the genus Dysgonomonas. One colony (later named as strain Dys-CH1 T , closely related to D. capnocytophagoides JCM 16697 T ; 94.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence simi...
Iron is essential for all bacteria. In most bacteria, intracellular iron homeostasis is tightly regulated by the ferric uptake regulator Fur. However, how Fur activates the iron-uptake system during iron deficiency is not fully elucidated. In this study, we found that YdiV, the flagella gene inhibitor, is involved in iron homeostasis in Escherichia coli. Iron deficiency triggers overexpression of YdiV. High levels of YdiV then transforms Fur into a novel form which does not bind DNA in a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase SlyD dependent manner. Thus, the cooperation of YdiV, SlyD and Fur activates the gene expression of iron-uptake systems under conditions of iron deficiency. Bacterial invasion assays also demonstrated that both ydiV and slyD are necessary for the survival and growth of uropathogenic E. coli in bladder epithelial cells. This reveals a mechanism where YdiV not only represses flagella expression to make E. coli invisible to the host immune system, but it also promotes iron acquisition to help E. coli overcome host nutritional immunity.
Altererythrobacter xinjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from desert sand, and emended description of the genus Altererythrobacter ). An emended description of the genus Altererythrobacter is provided.
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