Objectives This study assessed the incidence of transitions in smartphone addiction proneness (SAP) among children and examined the effects of gender, use patterns (social networking sites (SNSs) use and smartphone gaming) and depression on smartphone addiction transitions. Methods A representative sample of 2,155 children from Taipei completed longitudinal surveys in both 2015 (5th grade) and 2016 (6th grade). Latent transition analysis (LTA) was used to characterize transitions in SAP and to examine the effects of gender, use patterns and depression on SAP transitions. Results LTA identified four latent statuses of SAP: about half of the children were in non-SAP status, one-fifth were in tolerance status, one-sixth were in withdrawal status, and one-seventh were in high-SAP status. Both boys and girls had a higher prevalence of high-SAP and tolerance in 6 th grade than in 5 th grade, whereas in both grades boys had a higher prevalence of high-SAP and withdrawal, and girls had a higher prevalence of non-SAP and tolerance. Controlling for parents’ education, family structure, and household income, higher use of SNSs by children, increasing use of mobile gaming and higher levels of depression were individually associated with increased odds of being in one of the three SAP statuses other than non-SAP. When all three covariates were jointly entered into the model, usage of SNSs and depression remained significant predictors. Conclusion Both boys and girls tended to transition to tolerance or high-SAP statuses, while children’s depression and their usage of SNSs increased the risk of smartphone addiction.
The purpose of this study is to develop a new weaving-type pad for electric vehicles (EV) contactless inductive charging system. This proposed charging pad which consists of a weaving-type coil is fabricated to obtain a uniform mutual inductance profile over the charging surface and to solve the problem of present inductive coupled structure in which the EV has to be placed exactly on a specific place. Apart from weaving-type pad, type E core and two overlapping coils are utilised as a secondary pickup to guide and to pick more magnetic flux. The analysis and simulation of magnetic characteristic for comparing the proposed weaving-type pad to simple shape pad are performed by finite-element-analysis (FEA) software. Phase locked loop circuit is utilised to match the operating frequency and resonant frequency in order to solve the loading effect problem caused by impedance variation during the battery charging procedure. To validate the concept and system design, a laboratory scale test system with weaving-type pad for EV contactless inductive charging is built and tested. The coupling efficiency is found to be 66% for an air gap of 9 cm between the weaving-type charging pad and pickup when a 2 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery is charged.
This study assessed aggression statuses and transitions among children and examined the effects that gender and exposure to online violence can exert on aggression. A sample of 2155 children recruited from 30 primary schools in Taipei, Taiwan completed surveys in both 2015 (5th grade) and 2016 (6th grade). Latent transition analysis (LTA) was performed, and the results identified three latent statuses of aggression: “None,” “School aggression,” and “Cyber‐aggression.” About 10% of children behaved aggressively. When in their 5th‐grade year, boys were more likely than girls to be a school aggressor (6.48% vs. 4.04%) or a cyber‐aggressor (2.37% vs. 1.64%). Among boys who originally were considered to be a school aggressor, 36.19% remained so, 58% renounced their school aggression status, and 5.81% became a cyber‐aggressor. Among girls who originally were considered to be a cyber‐aggressor, 22.23% remained so, 68.29% renounced their cyber‐aggression status, and 9.48% became a school aggressor. Controlling for student's academic performance, household income, and parents' marital status, exposure to online violence was a statistically significant predictor of aggression status for both boys and girls. Children's exposure to online violence appeared to increase the risk of aggression.
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