Kanser, normal hücrelerin kontrolsüz çoğalması sonucunda oluşan bir hastalıktır. Kanser çeşitleri arasında akciğer, meme, kolorektum ve prostat kanserlerinden sonra dünya çapında teşhis edilen en yaygın beşinci malignite olan mide kanseri, %20’lik beş yıllık sağ kalım oranı ile en ölümcül kanser çeşitlerinden biridir. Tedavisinde cerrahi, kemoterapi, radyoterapi, immünoterapi ve hedefe yönelik ilaç terapisi gibi yöntemler sıklıkla kullanılsa da hiçbiri etkili sonuçlar vermemektedir. Bu nedenle tedavi yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İmmünoterapi, akciğer, mide ve meme kanseri gibi kanserler için yenilikçi bir yaklaşım olarak kabul edilmektedir. Hastalığa yakalanmadan önce bireylerde bağışıklık oluşturmak, hastalığın başlamasını engellemekle birlikte tedaviden maksimum yanıtın alınmasını da sağlayacaktır. Aşılamanın kansere karşı bağışıklık sistemini harekette geçirdiğine dair literatürde yer alan çalışmalar, kanser aşılarında umut verici sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, mide kanserine yönelik geliştirilen farklı aşı formülasyonlarının immünostimülan etkileri, in vitro J774 murin makrofaj, THP-1 insan makrofaj ve L929 fibroblast hücrelerinde araştırılmış ve sitotoksisiteleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, geliştirilen aşı formülasyonlarının hiçbir konsantrasyonda toksik etki yaratmadığı, artan protein konsantrasyonu ile birlikte immünostimülan etkinliğin arttığı ve en yüksek değerin 40 µg/ml konsantrasyonda elde edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Her üç hücre hattında maksimum protein konsantrasyonunda hücre canlılık oranlarının %80 ‘den fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların mide kanserine yönelik aşı formülasyonlarının geliştirmesine yardımcı olacağını, kanser immünoterapisi çalışan araştırmacılar için veri sağlayacağını söyleyebiliriz.
Hearing loss is one of the most important public health matters worldwide, which severely affects the social, psychological, and cognitive development of people. The perception of sound, movement, and balance in vertebrates depends on a special sensory organ called the cochlea, which contains hair cells and supporting cells in the inner ear. Genetic factors, epigenetic, use of ototoxic drugs (some antibiotics, and chemotherapeutics), noise, infections, or even just aging can cause loss of hair cells and their related primary neurons, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. Although sensorineural hearing loss, also known as permanent hearing loss, is treated with hearing aids and cochlear implants, treatment methods are limited. Since even the best implant ever developed cannot exhibit the characteristics of the original ear, the permanent sensory deficit will be permanent. For this reason, it has become important to develop regenerative treatment methods to regenerate and replace lost or damaged hair cells and neurons. Develops in stem cell technology have led to promising studies in the regeneration of damaged/lost hair cells or neurons with endogenous or exogenous cell-based therapies. Thanks to epigenetic mechanisms, it can turn hearing-related genes on and off and determine which proteins to copy. In addition, thanks to gene silencing, gene replacement, and CRISPR/CAS9 technology, gene therapy methods have accelerated and studies have been carried out to treat dominant and recessive mutations that cause genetic-induced hearing loss or to increase hair cell regeneration. In this paper, potential gene therapy and stem cell applications in the acquisition of cochlear function, which causes sensorineural hearing loss, and the difficulties encountered in these applications are compiled from a bioengineering perspective.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting more than 12 million people worldwide. Although the use of chemotherapeutic drugs is among the current treatment methods, it is emphasized that the limitations of the drugs, their disadvantages such as insufficient safety and efficacy, the disease being endemic, and the need to develop drugs for this disease. In this study, in vitro anti-leishmanial activities of two benzimidazole derivatives (B1 and B2) were tested against L. infantum promastigote and amastigote for the first time. In our study, the anti-leishmanial effects of B1 and B2 on both amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum were investigated using J774 macrophage cells. It was found that the tested compounds were not toxic to the host cell. In addition, when compared to the drug miltefosine, which is used worldwide in the treatment of leishmaniasis, it has been determined that it has a serious inhibitory effect by reducing the proliferation of promastigotes and the metabolic activities of amastigotes, and it acts at lower concentrations than miltefosine. We found that benzimidazolium derivatives (B1 and B2) used for the first time in this study were more effective on both forms of L. infantum. The obtained results showed that benzimidazolium derivatives have high anti-leishmanial potential against L. infantum, which is the cause of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is known to be the deadly form of leishmaniasis. It has been shown that the obtained results will help the development of safe, stable, and effective anti-leishmanial drug formulations against VL.
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