Background The epidemic is affecting the global economy, plunging many industries. The global extent of the epidemic and government controls, restrictions and constraints have led to imbalances in world trade and have put many companies under pressure. The epidemic is a test of individual companies' ability to operate effectively in the new environment. It is up to managers to mitigate its impact on business. The aim of the article is to identify the activities of employers in Poland related to the protection of workers with the developing epidemic COVID-19. Methods A survey was carried out among the employees of OHS services employed in enterprises in Poland. The research was conducted in three stages at two-week intervals. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analyses. Results In the analysed three periods a total of 588 answers were obtained, which allowed to formulate conclusions. The research showed that in connection with the COVID-19 epidemic, about 30% of the plants updated their occupational risk assessment, about 40% updated their safety instructions, about 90% of the plants equipped their employees with additional personal protective equipment. Conclusions The COVID-19 outbreak in Poland resulted in taking additional actions by employers to protect workers. Systematicity (methodicality) of these activities depended mainly on the seniority of the OHS service. As a border internship indicating a different approach to an emergency situation related to the epidemic, 7 years were set.
In this article, results of the measurements of the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities in steel have been presented as a function of temperature. The conducted tests involved two types of corrosion-resistant steel: X14CrMoS17 and X90CrMoV18. The tests were based on the ultrasonic wave transition method using transducers operating at 5.4 MHz for the longitudinal wave and 3.2 MHz for the transverse wave. Measurements of the wave velocity were taken at temperatures from 293 K to 1,173 K. The longitudinal wave velocity in X14CrMoS17 steel varies from 6,002 m·s −1 at 293 K to 5,115 m·s −1 at 1,173 K, while the velocity in the X90CrMoV18 steel changes from 5,975 m·s −1 at 293 K to 5,381 m·s −1 at 1,023 K. The transverse wave velocities vary from 3,239 m·s −1 at 293 K to 2,449 m·s −1 at 1,173 K in X14CrMoS17 steel, and from 3,251 m·s −1 at 293 K to 2,478 m·s −1 at 1,173 K in X90CrMoV18 steel. The obtained results represented a basis for determination of the properties of the steels examined, such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, Helmholtz's modulus of volume elasticity, or Lame's constants. The results have been verified by comparing the Young's modulus obtained with the values corresponding to individual steel grades and temperatures (293 K, 373 K, 473 K, 573 K, and 673 K) obtained by traditional methods of measuring mechanical properties as provided in PN-EN 10088-1:2007. The results of this comparison confirmed the reliability of the conducted investigation.
In the paper the melting point of Zn-Al alloys with the addition of Mg has been determined, based on solidification curves. The alloys used for the tests were alloys containing 7, 15, 23 and 31 wt.% Al with the addition of 3 or 6 wt.% Mg. It has been determined that the solidification temperature of the ZnAlMg alloy is a synergistic effect of the Al and Mg contents. In alloys with lower contents of Al (7, 15 wt.% Al) an increase in the content of Mg leads to an increase of the melting point. In baths with higher contents of Al (23, 31 wt.% Al) the addition of Mg causes a decrease of the melting point. It has been determined that the melting point of the Zn-31Al6Mg alloy drops to 438°C, due to which the alloy can be used for metallization in temperature conditions close to the temperature of traditional hot dip galvanizing.
Safety culture is one of the most important elements of the organization's culture. Its role is particularly important in production plants, where employees are more often exposed to threats related to the working environment. The safety culture is strongly associated with the organizational level of the enterprise, which is largely influenced by the implemented management systems. The article presents the results of the evaluation of work safety culture in production plants with different functioning management systems, including the so-called turquoise organization. A relationship between the organizational level of the plant and the culture of occupational safety was stated.
The iron and steel industry is one of the largest sources of waste materials, primarily in the form of steelmaking dusts, sludge and slag. Those wastes are a serious threat to the environment. Main precondition for the protection of natural resources in the environment is to recover raw material and energy from waste. The use of waste as raw materials does not involve the storage and creates the possibility of closure of the existing landfill. The article presented utilization of same metallurgical waste containing 4-20 wt. % zinc in non-metallurgical industry. Performed chemical analyzes of pollutants contained in waste tested (dusts, sludge and slag) and in manufactured products (cement bricks, ceramic construction materials, colored glass products and slag for road construction). Aqueous extracts analysis results were compared with the maximum values for the sewage entering into water and soil. The performed research proves that proposed technologies (production of cement clinker, construction bricks, hollow glass, decorated glass) do not pose threat to environment. Harmful impurities are eluted from the products – clinker, constructions bricks and slag after the recovery of zinc recovery. Proposed technologies substitution of primary raw materials recyclable materials can reduce environmental degradation.
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