Obesity is a chronic disease that is strongly associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity including, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, disability, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and stroke. In adults, overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m(2) to 29 kg/m(2) and obesity as a BMI of greater than 30 kg/m(2). If current trends continue, it is estimated that, by the year 2030, 38% of the world's adult population will be overweight and another 20% obese. Significant global health strategies must reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the obesity epidemic.

Moderate-dose radiotherapy for GCTB provides a long-term LC >80%, justifying its role as an alternative to morbid surgery.

SUMMARY A silver colloid technique to identify nucleolar organiser region associated protein (AgNOR) was applied to 16 fibrous proliferations ofchildhood and six low grade fibrosarcomas. The fibrous proliferations comprised five cases of infantile digital fibromatosis, seven ofinfantile desmoid type fibromatosis, and four ofinfantile myofibromatosis. The AgNORs were visualised as dots within the nuclei of the cells, and on the basis of their relative mean numbers of AgNORs fibrous proliferations of childhood could be easily differentiated from low grade infantile fibrosarcoma. The differences observed were significant (0-01 > p > 0O001). This technique, previously the province of the cytogeneticist, may be of use to the pathologist in differentiating infantile fibrous proliferations.Fibrous proliferations of childhood can be divided into two large groups: lesions corresponding in clinical signs and symptoms, microscopy, and behaviour to similar lesions occurring in adults-for example, the desmoid tumour; and fibrous lesions peculiar to infancy and childhood that have no counterpart in adult life. This second group poses a special diagnostic problem as the microscopic picture often fails to reflect behaviour, and features such as cellularity may be mistaken for evidence of malignancy and this sometimes leads to unneccessary and excessive treatment.Accurate diagnosis and interpretation of these lesions is therefore of the utmost importance and we decided to apply the relatively new silver colloid technique for nucleolar organiser region associated proteins (AgNORs) to try to facilitate diagnosis. Material and methodsSixteen specimens of fibrous proliferations of childhood and six cases of infantile well differentiated fibrosarcoma were examined. The fibrous proliferations included five cases of infantile digital fibromatosis, seven cases of infantile desmoid type fibromatosis, and four cases of infantile myofibromatosis. Each specimen, taken from a separate patient, had been previously characterised by a combination of light and electron microscopy.Accepted for publication 21 July 1987 Sections (3 pm) of routinely processed, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded blocks were cut, dewaxed in xylene, and hydrated through ethanols to deionised distilled water. The silver colloid solution for staining of AgNORs was prepared by dissolving gelatin in 1% aqueous formic acid at a concentration of 2%; this solution was mixed 1/2 volumes, with 50% aqueous silver nitrate to obtain the final working solution. This was dropped on to the sections and left for 60 minutes at room temperature under safelight conditions after which the sections were washed with deionised water and counterstained with Mayer's haemalum. The sections were taken to xylene and mounted in a synthetic medium. The usual controls were performed as previously described.'The AgNORs were seen as dots within the nuclei of the cells in each case. Previous pilot studies had shown that 200 cell samples were representative and 200 cells were examined from randomly se...

Context:Health professionals who care for pregnant women should discuss potential health benefits and harms of exercise. Although most pregnant women do not meet minimal exercise recommendations, there are a growing number of physically active women who wish to continue training throughout pregnancy.Evidence Acquisition:A search of the Web of Science database of articles and reviews available in English through 2014. The search terms exercise pregnancy, strenuous exercise pregnancy, and vigorous exercise pregnancy were used.Study Design:Clinical review.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Results:With proper attention to risk stratification and surveillance, exercise is safe for the mother and fetus. Benefits of exercise in pregnancy include reduction in Cesarean section rates, appropriate maternal and fetal weight gain, and managing gestational diabetes. Exercise as a means of preventing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or perinatal depression cannot be reliably supported. Overall, the current evidence suffers from a lack of rigorous study design and compliance with physical activity interventions.Conclusion:Research thus far has been unable to consistently demonstrate proposed benefits of exercise in pregnancy, such as preventing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or perinatal depression. However, moderate- and high-intensity exercise in normal pregnancies is safe for the developing fetus and clearly has several important benefits. Thus, exercise should be encouraged according to the woman’s preconception physical activity level.

A silver colloid technique for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) was applied to paraffin sections of 50 small cell tumours of childhood. These comprised 20 neuroblastomas, 10 Ewing's sarcoma, and 20 rhabdomyosarcomas, including spindle cell, myxoid, and round cell variants. On the basis of the number of AgNORs, one could differentiate between the three groups. The differences observed were statistically significant (P = 0.01-0.001). The subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma could not be distinguished from one another on the basis of AgNOR counts. We suggest that this simple histochemical technique may be a useful adjunct to the range of special techniques now available to assist the pathologist in the diagnosis of small round cell tumours.