Background: The purpose of this study was to find a utility of a newly developed 3D-printed sinus model and to evaluate the educational benefit of simulation training with the models for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).Material and methods: Forty-seven otolaryngologists were categorized as experts (board-certified physicians with ≥200 experiences of FESS, n = 9), intermediates (board-certified physicians with <200 experiences of FESS, n = 19), and novices (registrars, n = 19). They performed FESS simulation training on 3D-printed models manufactured from DICOM images of computed tomography (CT) scan of real patients. Their surgical performance was assessed with the objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) score and dissection quality evaluated radiologically with a postdissection CT scan. First we evaluated the face, content, and constructive values. Second we evaluated the educational benefit of the training. Ten novices underwent training (training group) and their outcomes were compared to the remaining novices without training (control group). The training group performed cadaveric FESS surgeries before and after the repetitive training.Results: The feedback from experts revealed high face and content value of the 3Dprinted models. Experts, intermediates, and novices demonstrated statistical differ-

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The well aerated lung weight was 284.9 ± 14.8 g in right lung and 249.3 ± 12.9 g in left lung, and the postmortem CT could estimate the lung weight with high correlation coefficient.

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