BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is not clear whether alterations in the intestinal microbiota of children with celiac disease (CD) cause the disease or are a result of disease and/or its treatment with a gluten-free diet (GFD). METHODS: We obtained 167 fecal samples from 141 children (20 with newonset CD, 45 treated with a GFD, 57 healthy children, and 19 unaffected siblings of children with CD) in Glasgow, Scotland. Samples were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, and diet-related metabolites were measured by gas chromatography. We obtained fecal samples from 13 children with new-onset CD after 6 and 12 months on a GFD. Relationships between microbiota with diet composition, gastrointestinal function, and biomarkers of GFD compliance were explored. RESULTS: Microbiota a diversity did not differ among groups. Microbial dysbiosis was not observed in children with new-onset CD. In contrast, 2.8% (Bray-Curtis
MRI is highly accurate in depicting placental extrauterine spread. The presence of abnormal vessels at the uterine serosa was the most important MRI feature for identifying invasive placenta. An abnormal vascular network within the vesicouterine space or parametrium was the most reliable MRI sign for detecting bladder or parametrial involvement.
Inclusion of faecal GIP measurements is likely to improve identification of GFD recent noncompliance in CD management and could be incorporated into current follow-up strategies.
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